Cheatography
https://cheatography.com
The structure and function of large biological molecules
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Organic Molecules
The 4 Main Macromolecules aka Organic Molecules |
Carbohydrates |
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Lipids |
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Proteins |
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Nucleic Acid |
Dehydration Synthesis
Enzyme (PN) comes and forces the covalent bond to break--> bond breaks and water is formed
Hydrolysis
-lysis = break
this is an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Phospholipids
Amphipathic: both water loving (head) and hating (tails)
Most often found in the plasma(cell membrane)
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Mono, Di, and Poly mers
Monomers |
Dimers |
Polymers |
one subunit |
2 subunits of monomers connected by a covalent bond |
a chain of 3 or more monomers connected by a double bond |
0 |
0---0 |
0---0---0---0---0 |
Polymers
False Polymers |
True Polymers |
Heteropolymer |
Homopolymers |
different monomers are attached in a chain |
same monomer gets repeated in a chain |
0---X---Y---0---X---0 |
0---0---0---0---0 |
Lipids |
Proteins(PN), Carbs, Nucleic Acid |
Lipids
Do not form polymers |
Fat |
Phospholipid |
Steroid |
little to no affinity to water, hydrophobic |
1) Glycerol 2) fatty acid |
1)Glycerol 2) fatty acid 3) phosphate |
4 or more fused carbon rings |
Functional Group: Carboxyl
Covalent bond = ester linkage
Fatty Acid
Fat loses OH- on the Carboxyl bc =O |
Glycerol loses H+ bonds to the Carboxyl |
Unsaturated Fatty Acid |
Saturated Fatty Acid |
H2O Produced |
H2O Produced |
0----/\---/\--- |
0------- |
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kinked chain = double bond |
no kinks = no double bond |
Steroids
ONLY STEROIDS ARE FUSED RINGS
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Carbohydrates
Polymer: Polysaccharide |
Covalent bonds in carbs |
Functional Group: Carboxyl C=O |
Dimer: Disaccharide |
Alfa A: \o/ Glycosidic |
C=O at beginnging= Aldose |
Monomer: Monosaccharide |
Beta B: /o\ Glycosidid |
C=O in middle=Ketose |
Monosaccharides
3-6 Carbons |
CH2O |
C3H6O3 |
Triose |
C5H10O5 |
Pentose |
Dissachrides
When bonding together:
Glucose will always lose OH-
Fructose will always lose H+
The anomeric carbon is the C attached to OH- and O
Polysaccharides
Cellulose |
Chitin |
a component of tough cell wall (not digestible) |
Forms the exoskeleton of anthropods, makes strong flexible surgical suture |
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(C8H13O5N)n |
Proteins(PN)
Function: structure, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, defense against foreign substances |
Very complex 3D structures |
Examples: |
Examples: |
One mistake at the PN level --> genetic mutation --> death |
Several chains of polypeptides attached |
Enzymes: digestive; selective acceleration of chemical reactions |
Structural: support; silk fibers, collagen, keratin, horns etc |
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Storage: store amino acids, egg whites, protein in milk |
Transport: movement of other substances, hemoglobin |
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Hormonal: coordination of organism activity; insulin |
Receptor: response of cell to chemical stimuli; receptors in nerve cell membrane |
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Contractile and Motor: movement; actin & mysoin in muscles; motor proteins in cilia and flagella |
Defense: protection against disease; antibodies that fight bacteria viruses |
encompasses 50% of the dry mass of most all cells
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