Chapter 7.2 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by jjovann

Each finger, with the exception of the thumb (pollex), or 1st digit, is composed of 3 phalanges:
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
The joints of the hand include the
carpom­eta­carpal,
metaca­rpo­pha­lan­geal, and interp­hal­angeal joints.

The true pelvis is the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim. It has an inlet, an outlet, and a cavity.

The pelvic axis is the path of childbirth during the first and second stages of labor.

The pubis is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone.

It has superior and inferior rami and a body.

The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the entire body.

Proxim­ally, the head articu­lates with the acetabulum of the hip bone forming the hip (coxal) joint.

The neck (distal to head) is a common site of femoral fracture.

Distally, the medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint.

The femur also articu­lates with patella.

On the right and left sides, the os coxae are joined poster­iorly to the sacrum, and anteriorly to one another at the pubic symphysis (made of fibroc­art­ilage).
The free part of the lower limb below the hip joint is composed of 30 different bones.

At the distal femur, the patella forms the patell­ofe­moral joint where it functions to increase the leverage of the quadriceps muscles.

Runner’s knee (patel­lof­emoral stress syndrome) is a common sports injury.

Commonly known as patellar tendonitis

The tibia and fibula articulate with the talus bone of the ankle to form the ankle “mortise” (ankle joint).

The two bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna:
The radius is lateral (in anatomic position) and widens distally.
Radiates outward
The more medial ulna widens proximally into the Olecranon process, a large prominence we feel as the tip of the elbow.

Each toe with the exception of the hallux (big toe) is composed of 3 phalanges:
-proximal phalanx
-middle phalanx
-distal phalanx

The joints of the foot include the tarsom­eta­tarsal, metata­rso­pha­lan­geal, and
interp­hal­angeal joints.

The triangular shaped scapula is also called the shoulder blade.
Spine - a large process on the posterior of the scapula
Acromion - the flattened lateral portion of the spine
Coracoid process - a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle
Glenoid cavity - shallow concavity that articu­lates with the head of the humerus

The 126 bones of the append­icular skeleton are primarily concerned with movement.
Appendages to the central skeleton
Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs (including the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton).

There are many simila­rities between the hand of the upper limb and the foot of the lower limb:

The ankle, or tarsus, is made up of 7 tarsal bones arranged to form the ankle mortise, heel, and arches.

The largest and strongest
-tarsal bone,
-the calcaneus,
-forms the heel.

Based on the position of its major joints and component bones, the upper limb is divided into the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand:
The shoulder is the area of upper limb attachment to the trunk.
The arm (brachium) is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow joint.
The forearm (anteb­rac­hium) is between the elbow and the wrist.
The hand is distal to the wrist.

Of the two bones in the leg, the tibia (always medial) is the largest and bears all the weight.

The lateral and medial condyles at the proximal end articulate with the femur.

It articu­lates distally with the talus of the ankle and the fibula.

The longit­udinal and transverse foot arches support the weight of the body while providing spring and leverage to the foot when walking.

Flat feet occur when the arches decrease or “fall”.

The greater and lesser trocha­nters are projec­tions where large muscles attach.

The gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera are attachment sites for the large hip muscles.

The longit­udinal and transverse foot arches support the weight of the body while providing spring and leverage to the foot when walking.

Flat feet occur when the arches decrease or “fall”.

Compared to the female pelvis, the male pelvis:

Is larger, heavier, and more narrow

Has a smaller inlet and outlet

Has a pubic arch angle of < 90 degrees

The ilium is the largest of the three hip bones - it forms the superior lateral prominence of the pelvis (iliac crest):

Consists of a superior ala and inferior body which forms part of the acetabulum (the socket for the head of the femur)

Greater sciatic notch allows passage of thesciatic nerve.

The lower limb is directly anchored to the axial skeleton by a sacroiliac joint which links the pelvic bone to the sacrum.
Based on the position of its major joints and component bones, the lower limb is divided into the gluteal region (the major bones forming the hip girdle), thigh, leg, and foot.
The gluteal region is between the iliac crest and hip joint.
The thigh is between the hip and the knee joint.
The leg is between the knee and the ankle.
The foot is distal to the ankle.

There is a proximal radioulnar joint and a distal radioulnar joint.
Proxim­ally, the head of the radius articu­lates with the radial notch of the ulna.
Distally, the head of the ulna articu­lates with the ulnar notch of the radius.

The clavicle is “S” shaped:
The medial end articu­lates with the manubrium of the sternum forming the sterno­cla­vicular joint.
The lateral end articu­lates with the acromion forming the acromi­ocl­avi­cular joint.

The pelvic brim is a line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis.

The false pelvis lies above this line. It contains no pelvic organs except the urinary bladder (when full) and the uterus during pregnancy.

Compared to the male pelvis, the female pelvis:

Is rounder, has a flared iliac crest, and a wider pelvic

opening to assist childb­irth. It also has a pubic arch angle of > 90 degrees and
a more movable pubic symphysis.

Has a more flexible coccyx

The ischium consti­tutes the inferior and posterior part of the hip bone.

It's most prominent feature is the ischial tuberosity - the part that meets the chair when you are sitting.

The femur has sites for attachment of the knee muscles at the medial and lateral epicon­dyles (above the femoral condyles).

The patella (knee cap) is the largest named sesamoid.

A thick articular cartilage lines the posterior surface.

In the gluteal region, the pelvic girdle is made up of two os coxae, or hip bones.
Each coxal (hip) bone consists of 3 bones that are fused together:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

The fibula is the smaller, laterally placed bone of the leg:

It is non-weight bearing.

The head forms the proximal tibiof­ibular joint.

At the distal end, the lateral malleolus articu­lates with the tibia and the talus at the ankle.

The hand is composed of the wrist, the palm, and the fingers.
The wrist, or carpus, is made up of 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows.
The palm of the hand has 5 metacarpal bones

Like the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot has 5 bones – in this case called metata­rsals.

The metata­rsals also partic­ipate in forming the arches of the foot.

The only bone in the arm is the humerus.
The head of the humerus has two projec­tions:
The greater tubercle lies more laterally.
The lesser tubercle lies more anteri­orly.
Between the tubercles lies the intert­ube­rcular groove or sulcus (bicipital groove) where the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is located.

The bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle include the scapula and the clavicle.
The shoulder joint also incorp­orates the upper part of the humerus.