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Personal Observation and Hearsay そうPersonal Observation and Hearsay そう
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Personal Observation and Hearsay
PERSONAL OBSERVATION |
"It seems like; It looks like..." |
-Can only make personal observations about the present. |
(Conjunctive form of Adj / Verb) + そうだ |
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❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used for Past Occurences |
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い-Adj：高い |
高 + そうだ = 高そうだ。 |
"It seems like; It looks like it's expensive." |
い-Adj-Neg：高くない |
高くない + なさそう = 高くなさそう |
"It seems like; It looks like it's not expensive." |
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OR 高 + そうではない = 高そうではない |
な-Adj：元気な |
元気 + そうだ = 元気そうだ。 |
"It seems like; It looks like it's healthy." |
な-Adj-Neg： |
元気 + じゃなさそう = 元気じゃなさそう |
"It seems like; It looks like he/she isn't well." |
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OR 元気 + そうではない = 元気そうではない |
Verb：食べる |
食べます + そうだ = 食べそうだ。 |
"It seems like; It looks like he/she will eat." |
Verb-Neg： 食べない |
食べます + そうにない = 食べそうにない。 |
"It seems like; It looks like he/she will not eat." |
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食べます + そうもない = 食べそうもない。 |
Verb-Neg：ない (ある) |
ない + なさそう
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Noun：車 |
車 + のようだ = 車のようだ |
"It seems like; It looks like a car." |
Exemption: いい / よい |
よ + さそう = 良さそう |
"It seems like; It looks like it's good." |
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HEARSAY |
"I heard...; According to..." |
-Statements based on secondhand information |
⭕️⭕️Can make hearsay sentences in NONPAST and PAST |
(Sentence Plain form) + そうだ |
い-Adj：高い |
高い + そうだ = 高いそうだ。 |
"I heard it's expensive." |
な-Adj：元気な |
元気 + だそうだ = 元気だそうだ。 |
"I heard it's healthy." |
Verb：食べる |
食べる + そうだ = 食べるだそうだ。 |
"I heard he/she will eat." |
Noun：車 |
車 + だそうだ = 車だそうだ |
"I heard it's a car." |
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Verb/Adj + そうな + N (Noun-like) |
Noun + のような + N (Noun-like) |
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DIFFERENCES
PERSONAL OBSERVATION |
HEARSAY |
❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used for Past Occurences |
WORDS OFTEN USED: (Person-Source of info) によると "According to" |
-When そう is used in the past tense, the meaning changes to “I almost did something” in the past. |
-But this is only used when talking about yourself; not the other person. |
-If this is used with another person, the meaning remains the same as “It looked like he/she…” |
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VERB |
➜ 雪が降る。It will snow |
雪が降りそうです。 |
雪が降るそうです。 |
It looks like it will snow. |
I heard it will snow. |
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➜ 【恵子ちゃん】けいこちゃんが泣く。 |
【恵子ちゃん】けいこちゃんが泣きそうです。 |
【恵子ちゃん】けいこちゃんが泣いたそうです。 |
It looks like Keiko will cry. |
I heard Keiko cried. |
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ニュースによると、明日雨が降るそうです。 |
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According to the news, it will rain tomorrow. |
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先生によると、【次郎くん】じろうくんは今日来ないそうです。 |
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According to the teacher, Jirou isn't coming in today. |
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い-ADJECTIVE |
➜ あの寿司は美味しいです。 That sushi is delicious. |
あの寿司は美味しそうです。 |
あの寿司は美味しいそうです。 |
That sushi looks delicious. |
I heard that sushi is delicious. |
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➜ カナダは寒いです。Canada is cold. |
カナダは寒そうです。 |
カナダは寒いそうです。 |
Canada looks/seems cold. |
I heard that Canada is cold. |
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な-ADJECTIVE |
➜ 東京は【賑やか】にぎやかだ。Tokyo is lively. |
東京は【賑やか】にぎやかそうだ。 |
東京は【賑やか】にぎやかだそうだ。 |
Tokyo looks lively. |
I heard Tokyo is lively. |
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➜ 試験は簡単です。The test is simple. |
試験は簡単そうです。 |
試験は簡単だったそうです。 |
The test seems simple. |
I heard the test was simple. |
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NOUN の ようだ |
➜ 彼は日本人だ。He is Japanese. |
彼は日本人のようだ。 |
彼は日本人だそうだ。 |
He seems Japanese. |
I heard he is Japanese. |
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➜ これは【お餅】おもちです。This is a rice cake. |
これは【お餅】おもちのようです。 |
これは【お餅】おもちだそうです。 |
This is like a rice cake. |
I heard this is a rice cake. |
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NEGATIVE OBSERVATION / HEARSAY
NEGATIVE PERSONAL OBSERVATION |
NEGATIVE HEARSAY |
い-ADJECTIVE |
くない + なさそう |
OR くそうではない |
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田中さんは忙しくなさそうです。 |
田中さんは忙しそうではありません。 |
Ms Tanaka doesn't seem busy. |
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な-ADJECTIVE |
な-Adj + じゃなさそう
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な-Adj + そうではない
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【次郎くん】じろうくんは元気じゃなさそう。 |
Jiro doesn't seem well. |
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VERB "Seem to NOT DO...; Deesn't seem to do..." |
V-ます + そうにない |
V-ます + そうもない |
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愛子さんは本を読みそうもない。 |
OR 愛子さんは本を読みそうにない。 |
It seems that Aiko won't read the book. |
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VERB ない (ある) |
【箱】はこの中には何もなさそうです。 |
There seems to be nothing inside the box. |
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Verb/Adj + そうな + N (Noun-like) |
-Adjective to describe Nouns |
❗️❗️When -そう is added with な = そうな, it will act like a な-adjective and we can describe nouns using this construction. |
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VERB |
ぴさの【斜塔】しゃとうは【倒れる】たおれそうな形をしています。 |
The Leaning Tower of Pisa has a shape like it will topple. |
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い-ADJECTIVE |
わあ、美味しそうなケーキ！ |
Wow, that;s a delicious looking cake. |
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な-ADJECTIVE |
静かそうな【隼人町】はやとちょう葉山の【近く】ちかくにあります。 |
Quiet-looking Hayato Town is near the mountain. |
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Noun + のような + N (Noun-like) |
フェラーリのような車は高そうです。 |
Cars like the Ferrari seems expensive. |
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