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Research Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Chapter 5 and 6 - psychological measurement

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Psycho­logical Tests

3 defining charac­ter­istics: 1. sample behaviour 2. sample is obtained under standa­rdized condit­ions. 3. establ­ished rules for coring or for obtaining quanti­tative inform­ation from the behaviour sample

Levels of Measur­ement

nominal = catego­rical variables; assigned items to a particular category and not organized in rank
ordinal = assigning scores to rank items
interval = dscores represent the precise magnitude of the difference between indivi­duals.
ratio = rank order items along a continuum

Levels

Reliab­ility and Validity

consis­tency of a measure
3 types of reliab­ility
1. test-r­etest - scores are similar upon retaking of test
2. internal consis­tency - measur­ement of a construct tis similar across multiple items of measur­ement
3. inter-­rater - different observers are consistent in their judgements
Validity - extent to whihc scores of a measruemnt represent the construct that it intends to measure
types:
1. face - measur­ement appears "on the surfac­e"
2. content - degree to which a measur­ement is compre­hensive in measuring the construct of interest
3. criterion - extent to which a measur­ement is correlated with other variables of the construct of interest
 

Psycho­logical contrusts

tendencies on how people think, feel, and behave across a variety of situations
2 properties: 1. abstract summaries of a natural phenomenon 2. related to observable entities.
examples: neurot­icism (const­ruct) - related to negative emotions
developing a definition of a construct: proposing defini­tions, empiri­cally testing them, revising them

Operat­ional Definition

specif­ica­tions on how a construct is to be measured
3 catego­ries:
1. self report
2. behavi­oural
3. physio­logical
converging operat­ions: different and closely related operat­ional defini­tions produce a similar pattern of results (stress)

threats

demand charac­ter­istics - resear­chers provided subtle cues that reveal how a partic­ipant should act
socially desirable responding - partic­ipants respond or behave on ways to be viewed favourably
 

Experiment

used to determine whether there us a causal relati­onship between variables that is supported by statis­tical analysis
2 features: 1. manipu­lation of an indepe­ndent variable - different levels are known as conditions 2. minimize variab­ility in other variables (3rd variables)

4 Validities in Research

help determine if an experiment is sound
1. internal - extent to whihc we can attribute the cause of an outcome to its effect (bystander effect)
2. external - extent to whihc the results of a study can generalize to other people (mundane realism and psycho­logical realism)
3. construct - extent to whihc an experiment examines the concept of interest
4. statis­tical - extent to ehihc the analysis supports the conclu­sions (effect size, power)