Cheatography
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The process of Cell Respiration
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Cell Respiration
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from glucose to produce ATP |
ATP is composed of a ribose sugar and a adenine base, connected to 3 phosphate groups |
When 1 phosphate group is removed via hydrolysis, the energy stored in the bond is released |
Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic |
Aerobic |
NO oxygen required |
Oxygen IS required |
Only glucose used |
Carbohydrates + Lipids used |
2 ATP produced |
36 (ish) ATP produced |
ANIMAL: Lactic Acid PLANTS: ethanol + CO2 |
CO2 + H20 Waste product |
in Mitochondria |
in Cytoplasm + Mitochondria |
Hydrogen Carriers
NAD and FAD |
The Main role of hydrogen carriers is to transport hydrogen atoms to electron transport chain |
This can chane ADP to ATP by adding 1 phosphate during metabolic processes (eg. respiration) |
They happen during chemcial processes such as oxidation (loss electrons) and reduction (gain electrons) |
Anaerobic Respiration
After Glycolysis |
CO2 removed from pyruvate via decarboxylation (producing ethanal) |
2H transferred from reduced NAD to ethanal, creating ethanol |
NAD's then regenerated to do anaerobic respiration again (Glycolysis) |
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Glycolysis
Phosphorylation |
Oxidation |
ATP Formation |
The addition of a phosphate to a molecule (2x ATP -> ADP) |
Each Triose phosphate oxidised (remove H atoms) |
ADP is phosphorylated by phosphate groups on 3C compound |
Requires energy |
Hydrogen is accepted by NAD, becoming reduced NAD |
Forming 2x ATP per 3C compound |
Makes molecule more unstable |
Energy released by ox. causes 2nd phosphate group to attach |
Glycerate converted to other organic acid |
Glucose now split to form 2 triose phosphate |
Forming a 2x 3C compound with 2 phosphate groups |
Pyruvate is formed |
SUMMARY
1. 1 glucose (6C) form 2x Pyruvate (3C)
2. 2 NAD molecules converted to reduced-NAD
3. Net gain of 2x ATP, so 2 ATP per glucose
4. In Cytoplasm
Link Reaction
Pyruvate transfered from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix via carrier proteins in mito-membrane |
Pyruvate decarboxylated forming CO2 |
2C compound loses H forming reduced NAD |
2C Compound now forms an acetyl group |
Acetyl compound combines with coenzyme A |
Forming acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) |
SUMMARY
1. Glycolysis forms 2 pyruvate, so link reaction occurs 2x per glucose molecule
2. Per glucose molecule = 2x acetyl CoA, 2x NADH, 2x CO2
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Krebs Cycle
SUMMARY
Per glucose molecule = 4x CO2, 2X ATP, 2x FADH, 6x NADH
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Proton Motive Force |
ATP Synthesis |
Oxygen Reduction |
H carriers are oxidised, relasing high energy electrons + protons |
High H+ conc creates gradient |
De-energise electrons need to be removed from chain to prevent blockage |
e- transferred to ETC |
H+ ions diffuse back to matrix |
O binds with H+ in matrix & e- to form H2O |
e- pass through chain, loosing energy |
Diffusion is called chemiosmosis |
Removal of H+ maintains gradient |
energy sed to pump H+ ions from out of matrix |
Facilitated by ATP synthase |
No O = H carriers cannot transfer e- |
accumulation of H+ ions in intermembrane space creates high conc. |
Movement triggers rotation of enzyme, phosphorylating ADP, creating ATP |
So ATP production would be halted |
Location of Each Step
GLYCOLYSIS: Cytoplasm of the cell |
LINK REACTION: Mitochondrial Matrix |
KREBS CYCLE: Mitochondrial Matrix |
ETC: Matrix + Inter membrane Space |
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