Epithelial Tumor Markers
Keratin |
Highly Sensitive Marker for epithelial Cells |
Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA) |
High molecular weight protein that is helpful for determining the site of tumor |
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
Oncofetal antigen in carcinomas of GIT, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, uterus, and cervix |
Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TFF-1) |
Useful for distinguishing lung adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas from the mesothelium |
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) |
Extremely useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma |
Intermediate Filament Markers
Actin |
Tumors of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle |
Vimentin |
Melanoma
Schwannomas |
Desmin |
Leiomymoa
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) |
Astrocytoma
Ependomyomas
Oligodendrogliomas
Medulloblastoma |
If negative: Non-CNS Tumors
Meningiomas
Metastatic Carcinomas
Lymphomas |
Neurofilaments |
Neurofilaments (NF) |
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuromas
Chemodectomas
Pheochromocytomas |
Note: Show neuroendocrine differentiation |
S100 Protein |
Mesenchymal Tumor Markers
Myogenic Tumors |
Tumors of skeletal muscle origin (Positive for muscle-specific actin and desmin) |
Fibrohistocytic Tumor |
(CD68 and FAM 56) |
Malignant fibrohistocytic sarcomas |
Note: Combined with alpha1-Antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin |
Vascular Tumor |
Factor VII-related Antigen, CD31, Ulex Eurpaeus 1 (UEA) |
Cancer-Associated Genes
p53 |
Tumor suppressor gene |
C-erb-2/c-myc/ras |
Cellular oncogene found to be activated in breast cancer |
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Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA)
EMA+ |
Adenocarcinoma of Breast
Adenocarcinoma of Lungs
Adenocarcinoma of Kidneys |
EMA- |
Non-epithelial tumors
Sarcomas Lymphomas
Melanomas |
EMA Non-reactive |
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Adrenal Carcinoma
Embryonal Carcinoma |
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
CEA+ |
Adenocarcinoma |
CEA- |
Mesothelioma |
CEA Non-reactive |
Prostate Carcinoma
Thyroid Carinoma
Renal Carcinoma |
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
PSA+ |
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Tumor
Salivary Gland Tumor |
Germ Cell Tumor Markers
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) |
Marker for Chorio-carcinoma |
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
Embryonal Carcinomas
Treatomas
Hepatocelullar Carcinomas |
Placenta-like Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) |
Most embryonal CA
Choriocarcinoma
Endodermal Sinus Tumors
Majority of seminomas |
Lymphomas
Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA) |
CD45 |
T-cells |
CD3, CD4, CD8 |
B-cells |
CD19, CD20, CD23 |
Reed-Sternberg Cells |
CD15, CD30 |
Immunoglobulin Light and Heavy Chains |
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CK7+, CK20-
CK7+, CK20- |
Lung Carcinoma
Breast Carcinoma
Uterus Carcinoma
Ovaries Carcinoma
Serous Tumors |
CK7-, CK20+ |
Colon Carcinoma
Stomach Carcinoma |
CK7+, CK20+ |
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Bladder)
Mucinous Ovarian Tumor |
CK7-, CK20- |
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Thyroid Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TFF-1)
TFF-1+ |
Thyroid, Lung, Neuroendocrine Tumors
Medullary Carcinoma
Carcinoid Tumor
Small Cell Tumor of Lungs |
Neuroendocrine Markers
Neuron-Specific Enolase |
Provides strong evidence of neural or neuroendocrine differentiation |
Chromogranin |
Neuroendocrine differentiation
Granular immunoreactivity |
K+,C-
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma |
K-,C+
Paraganglioma |
Synaptophysin |
Associated with presynaptic vesicles of neurons |
Melanomas
Melanosome (HMB-45) |
Detection of primary and secondary melanomas |
Highly sensitive and specific |
Melan-A (MART-1) |
Encodes melanoma-specific antigen in normal pigmented cells of skin, retina, and certain adrenocortical tumors |
Cell Proliferation Markers
Ki-67 (MIB-1) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) |
Assess the proliferation of tumor cells |
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