Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

system made up of vessels that transport O
2
, CO
2
, nutrients and waste products through the body

CLOSED SYSTEM:

- blood never touches liquid between cells

- exchange through capillaries

VESSELS

ARTERIES

- vessels that bring blood from the heart to the organs

(usually oxigenated blood with nutrients)

VEINS

- vessels that bring blood from the organs to the heart

(usually not oxigenated)

CAPILLARIES

- small blood vessels around the organs

- delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs

- absorb and carry out waste products

BLOOD VESSEL ARCHITECTURE

ARTERIES	=	VEINS
TUNICA ADVENTITIA=	external layer	fibrous connective tissue
TUNICA MEDIA=	middle layer	smooth muscle
TUNICA INTIMA=	internal layer	endothelium
between layers of tunica=		elastic tissue: elastine
	≠
bigger smooth muscle		VALVE
		stops the blood from going down
CAPILLARIES
endothelial cell	thin for exchange of substances
smooth muscle cell	small layer
PERICYTE:	feeds endothelial cells	--> like connective tissue

CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

SMALL CIRCULATION=	connects the heart and the lungs	pulmonary circulation
BIG CIRCULATION=	connects the heart and the organs	systemic circulation

HEARTH

BLOOD CIRCULATION

RIGHT ATRIUM gets not oxigenated blood from the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA

blood passes through TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE, most of the blood passes while the hearth is relaxed (passive filling), then small contraction for the last drop

CONTRACTION pushes the blood into the PULMONARY ARTERIES through the PULMONARY VALVE

lungs where the blood exchange carbon dioxide for oxigen

LEFT ATRIUM gets oxigenated blood from the PULMUNAR VEINS

blood passes through BICUSPID or MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE, most of the blood passes while the hearth is relaxed (passive filling), then small contraction for the last drop

CONTRACTION pushes the blood into the AORTA through the AORTIC VALVE

BLOOD CIRCULATION

WALLS OF THE HEART

three+ one layer
EPICARDIUM=	thin external membrane	connective tissue
MYOCARDIUM=	pumping action, most present	cardiac muscle tissue
↳gets nutriment and oxigen from:	CORONARY ARTERIES
ENDOCARDIUM=	thin internal layer	endothelium
PERICARDIUM=	protective, fluid-fille sac that surrounds the heart	↳ provides lubrification
↳ protect the heart from infections	↳ hold the heart in place	↳ keep the heart from expanding

CARDIAC CYCLE

DIASTOLE=	myocardio relaxed, atrium-ventricular valves open, blood circulates in atrio and ventricle, semilunar valves closed
ATRIAL SISTOLE =	contraction of the atries
VENTRICULAR SISTOLE =	ventricles starts to contract, pressure grows, atrioventricular valves closes, semilunar valves open

CARDIAC CYCLE AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

PACEMAKER=	SINOATRIAL NODE= generates a signal that spreads through the heart
SISTOLE=	relaxation
DIASTOLE=	CONTRACTION
ATRIAL SISTOLE
P wave=	depolarization of the atrias with the spread of first signal
	atrial contraction→ increase the pressure→ pushes the blood into the ventricle
ISOVOLUMETRIC VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
QRS complex=	depolarization of the ventricles with the spread of signal
	ventricular contraction
	ventricle contracts but the blood in the ventricle stays the same
first sound: atrioventricular valves shutting	valve are closed until the increase in the pressure is bigger thanthe pressure in the aorta
EJECTION FASE	rapid ejection: high pressure and first blood
	slow ejection: slower pressure and resistance from the vessels
T wave=	polarization of the ventricle for a new signal
ISOLVOLUMETRICAL VENTRICLE RELAXATION	ventricle relax
	pressure goes down
	valve closes and second sound

CARDIAC CYCLE

MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

respiratory sistem=	get rid of CO2 and capture O2
digestive system=	bring nutrition to all the organs
kidneys and urinary system=	filtration of waste (nitrogenous substances)
temperature control=	vasodilatation to cool down

CAUSES OF HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

excessive smoking and	consumption of alcohol
diabetes	cholesterol too high
overweight	hypertension
genes	stress
atherosclerosis=	build up in vessels of platelets: they think fat is like an injury that has to be closed
blood clot=	vessels closed by a group of red cells
trauma or injury

DISEASES

heart disease	vascular disorders
congenital heart defects
strokes

STROKES (ictus)

TIA=	symptoms only last for a short amount of time, temporary blocage
ischaemic stroke=	blockage cutting off the blood supply to the brain
haemorrhagic stroke=	bleeding in or around the brain

HEART DISEASE

cardiac failure=	heart fails to circulate blood properly
heart attack=	one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked
cardiac arrest=	hearth doesn’t work
cardiac arrhythmia=	problem with the rate or rhythm of heartbeat

VASCULAR DISORDERS

aneurysm=	weak or expanded part of an artery
atherosclerosis=	buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls
thrombosis=	blood clots block veins or arteries

Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet by etac26