Black Death
Victims developed painful, swollen lumps called buboes, usually in the armpits, groin, or neck. |
It caused high fever, chills, vomiting, and dark patches on the skin, which gave it the name "Black Death." |
The disease spread rapidly and widely, often wiping out entire villages within days. |
Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was primarily spread through fleas on rats. |
Tackling Diseases
Antibiotic -> Kill bacteria |
Vaccines -> Substances introduces into the body that activates specific white blood cells to eliminate virus or bacterium |
Soap -> Keep microorganism away from skin, Disinfectants -> Kill bacteria |
Aerobic & Anaerobic in Fungi (Yeast) and Bacteria
Yeast (Aerobic) -> Uses oxygen to break down sugar. Helps bread to rise when baking. |
Yeast (Anaerobic) -> Without oxygen, yeast does fermentation. Used in making wine and beer. |
Bacteria (Aerobic) -> Some bacteria use oxygen to get energy. They produce carbon dioxide and water. These bacteria live in places with air. |
Bacteria (Anaerobic) -> Some bacteria don’t need oxygen to live. They use nitrate instead of oxygen. They live in places like mud or inside the body. |
Causes of Dough Rising
Fermentation by yeast: Yeast consumes sugar in the flour and produces carbon dioxide (CO₂) and alcohol. |
Carbon dioxide production: The CO₂ gas creates bubbles that cause the dough to expand and rise. |
Chemical leavening (baking soda/powder): These ingredients react with moisture or acids to also release CO₂. |
Gluten development: Gluten forms an elastic network in the dough that traps the gas, allowing it to rise. |
Warmth and time: A warm environment helps yeast or chemical reactions work faster, making the dough rise effectively. |
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Kingdoms
Fungi -> Eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from other materials and often act as decomposers. Most are multicellular, except for yeast. Examples: Mushroom, Yeast, Penicillium. |
Plants -> Multicellular, autotrophic organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis and have cell walls made of cellulose. Examples: Sunflower, Oak tree, Fern. |
Animals -> Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that usually move and rely on other organisms for food. They don’t have cell walls. Examples: Human, Elephant, Butterfly. |
Bacteria -> Unicellular prokaryotic organisms that reproduce quickly and live in many environments. Some are helpful, while others cause diseases. Examples: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus, Lactobacillus. |
Protists -> Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that don’t belong to plants, animals, or fungi. Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena. |
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Growth Curve of Yeast
Shows how its population changes over time in a culture. |
It has four phases: lag phase (adjusting to the environment), exponential phase (rapid growth), stationary phase (growth slows as nutrients run out), and death phase. |
Helps understand yeast’s behavior in baking and fermentation |
Pyramid of Organisms In Sea
Pyramid of numbers shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level in a food chain. |
Producers (phytoplankton) are usually the most numerous and form the base of the pyramid. |
Primary consumers (zooplankton) feed on producers and are fewer in number than phytoplankton. |
Secondary and tertiary consumers (like small fish, larger fish, and sharks) decrease in number at each higher level. |
Inverted pyramids can occur in the sea, where a few large producers (like a single kelp or phytoplankton) support many consumers. |
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