Sounds & Signs
Morphology: Break up stream of sounds into words |
Syntax: Take words and form sentences |
Semantics: Literal/contextual meaning from sentence |
Phone: Single linguistic sound |
Phonology: How speakers understand a lang |
Phonetics: physical properties of speech |
Segmental: discrete unit of speech |
Suprasegmental: properties applied to entire syllables or words (eg. tone) |
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Phonetics
Consonants: Place + Manner of Articulation, Voicing |
Bilabial: Lips come in contact with eachother |
Labiodental: Upper teeth contact lower lip |
Alveolar: Tip of tongue on alveolar ridge |
Velar: Back of tongue contacts velum |
Stops (Plosives): airflow is stopped, built up, released (ob) |
Fricatives: Airflow party stopped leading to turbulence (ob) |
Affricative: Stop + fricative (ob) (dʒɪn or gin) |
Nasal: airflow through nose, Velum down (son) |
Flap: Tongue tip briefly touches roof of mouth (son) |
Lateral Liquid: Tongue touches roof of mouth, open side channels [l] (son, approx) |
Retroflex Liquid: Tongue tip curled back, not touching roof [ɹ] (son, approx) |
Glide: limited obstruction like vowel [w, j] (son, approx) |
Rhoticity presitigous in US, bad in UK |
Vowels: Lip Roundness, Tensity, Tongue Height and Advancement |
Dipthongs: start off with tongue in one poisition and end in a different position |
Glottic Consonants: initiate airflow in upper vocal tract thru the glottis |
Velaric Consonants: initiate airflow bc of action of the tongue (eg. clicks) |
Ejectives/Implosives cant be nasal |
Sign Language: Hand shape, movement, location, palm orientation, non-manual markers |
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Phonology
Phonemes: sound we think we're hearing |
Allophone: acoustic realizations of the sounds we think we hear |
Free Variation: allophones can switch out for each other |
Complementary Distrubtion: allophones appear one another one doesnt |
Contrastive Distribution: potential to change the meaning of a word |
Making a rule: Indentify what changes where, make generalization, incorporate natural classes |
eg. [p] becomes [pʰ] at word beginning, Voicless stops become aspirated words initially, [+stop,-voice] > [+aspirated] / #____ |
Overlap = not imformative, no overlap = informative |
Sounds change to due sound production |
Assimilation: where a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound with respect to some phonetic property |
Dissimilation: causes a sound or gesture to be less like a neighboring sound |
Subsitution: systematically replaced with each other |
Fortition: Makes sounds stronger (part of sub) |
Lenition: makes sounds weaker (part of sub) |
Structural Change: added, deleted, or reordered during speech prodcution |
Epenthesis: adding or inserting a sound to a sequence (structural change) |
Elision: deleting or omitting a sound from a sequence (structural change) |
Metathesis: reordering or moving around sounds in a sequence (structural change) |
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