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% Document Info
\author{electoe}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ling-111-phonetics-phonology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (electoe)
  /Subject (LING 111 Phonetics Phonology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{LING 111 Phonetics Phonology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{electoe} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/219065/cs/48473/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}electoe \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/electoe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th September, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sounds \& Signs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Morphology: Break up stream of sounds into words} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Syntax: Take words and form sentences} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Semantics: Literal/contextual meaning from sentence} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phone: Single linguistic sound} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phonology: How speakers understand a lang} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phonetics: physical properties of speech} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Segmental: discrete unit of speech} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Suprasegmental: properties applied to entire syllables or words (eg. tone)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phonological Analysis}}  \tn
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Consonants: Place + Manner of Articulation, Voicing} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bilabial: Lips come in contact with eachother} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Labiodental: Upper teeth contact lower lip} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Alveolar: Tip of tongue on alveolar ridge} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Velar: Back of tongue contacts velum} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stops (Plosives): airflow is stopped, built up, released (ob)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fricatives: Airflow party stopped leading to turbulence (ob)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Affricative: Stop + fricative (ob) (dʒɪn or gin)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nasal: airflow through nose, Velum down (son)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Flap: Tongue tip briefly touches roof of mouth (son)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lateral Liquid: Tongue touches roof of mouth, open side channels {[}l{]} (son, approx)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Retroflex Liquid: Tongue tip curled back, not touching roof {[}ɹ{]} (son, approx)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glide: limited obstruction like vowel {[}w, j{]} (son, approx)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rhoticity presitigous in US, bad in UK} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vowels: Lip Roundness, Tensity, Tongue Height and Advancement} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dipthongs: start off with tongue in one poisition and end in a different position} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glottic Consonants: initiate airflow in upper vocal tract thru the glottis} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Velaric Consonants: initiate airflow bc of action of the tongue (eg. clicks)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ejectives/Implosives cant be nasal} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phonetics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sign Language: Hand shape, movement, location, palm orientation, non-manual markers} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phonemes: sound we think we're hearing} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Free Variation: allophones can switch out for each other} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Complementary Distrubtion: allophones appear one another one doesnt} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contrastive Distribution: potential to change the meaning of a word} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Making a rule: Indentify what changes where, make generalization, incorporate natural classes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{eg. {[}p{]} becomes {[}pʰ{]} at word beginning, Voicless stops become aspirated words initially, {[}+stop,-voice{]} \textgreater{} {[}+aspirated{]} / \#\_\_\_\_} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Overlap = not imformative, no overlap = informative} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sounds change to due sound production} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Assimilation: where a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound with respect to some phonetic property} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dissimilation: causes a sound or gesture to be less like a neighboring sound} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Subsitution: systematically replaced with each other} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fortition: Makes sounds stronger (part of sub)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lenition: makes sounds weaker (part of sub)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structural Change: added, deleted, or reordered during speech prodcution} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Epenthesis: adding or inserting a sound to a sequence (structural change)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phonology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Elision: deleting or omitting a sound from a sequence (structural change)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Metathesis: reordering or moving around sounds in a sequence (structural change)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}