Quantitative Research
Focuses on the relationship between variables
Analysis are based on statistical summary of data |
Importance of Qualitative Research
ABM |
determine proper time to open a branch, can help businesses strategize |
HUMSS |
provide solutions to social problems,deal with societal behaviours and issues |
Engineers, Architects and Other builders |
helps providing designs, create new materials and better procedures |
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Objective |
seeks accurate measurement and analysis, not based on intuition and guesses, data are gathered before proposing conclusion |
Clearly Defined Research Questions |
know in advance what are the questions needed, well defined and carefully designed |
Structured Research Instruments |
questionairres to collect measurable data |
Numerical Data |
uses table, charts, graphs and figures. |
Large Sample Size |
uses large sample size to avoid bias in the results |
Replication |
can be repeated for verification and confirmation |
Future Outcomes |
if then scenarios can be made to predict future results |
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quanti
Objective |
Requires a large number of respondents |
Easily Understandable Data |
Costly |
Numerical Data can be Analyzed |
Information factors for interpreting results are usually ignored |
Replicable |
Sensitive Information are hard to gather |
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Data from surveys might be inaccurate or incomplete |
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Descriptive |
describes characteristics of target population |
Correlational Research |
measures two variables and understand the statistical relationship of it. |
Quasi-experimental |
involves manipulation of variables but no random assignments of participants to certain conditions |
True Experimental |
adheres to scientific design, has hypothesis, has variables that can be measured and done in controlled environment |
Non-experimental
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
True experimental
Types of Variables
Independent |
cause variable, changes on it affect dependent variable |
Dependent |
outcome variable, changes on indepent variable affects DV. |
Continous |
can be an infinite number on its value has two types. |
Discrete |
has limited number of distinct values and cannot be divided into fractions |
Variable- a characteristic that is subject to change and can have more than one value.
Ex age, intellegence, motivation etc.
Types of Discrete Variable
Nominal Variable |
no quantitative value, can be group or categorized |
Ordinal Variable |
has categories that can be ranked. |
Types of Continous Variable
Interval |
no clear definitions of zero, values have meaning |
Ratio |
clear definitions of zero, values have meaning |
Example
Interval - temperature, IQ scores, Time
Ratio - length, height, width
Research for Daily Life(Research Ventures)
Type of Data |
Analytical Method |
What is my research Problem? |
What statistical method will I use(mean,median,mode etc.)) |
What kind of Variables will I use? |
What research tools will I use? |
What hypothesis will my research have? |
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Things to consider when starting a research
Properly defining a research problem |
Source of a problem(pressing issues and current events) |
Wide reading and Film Criticism |
Social Networking |
Previous Research Findings |
Designing A research topic
Choose a broad topic |
interesting,significant and relevant to your field |
Do preliminary research |
read journals, articles, past researches etc. |
Define the problem |
list questions that you want to research, |
Refine the question |
narrow down your question by limiting the population, place,period etc. |
Research Title
contains the fewest possible words and enough to describe the whole paper without misleading the readers. |
Guide for writing research title
Determine what is needed to be accomplish in the study |
One to two sentences that states the objectives |
Include important keywords and variables |
Shorten into a simpler phrase or a single word |
Main thought of the study retained. |
Coorect grammar and punctuation errors. |
Observe proper formatting |
Background of the study
is the part of your paper where you inform the reader of the context of the study. |
Research Gap
-missing information, can be other variables, conditions,populations etc. |
Background of the study guides
studioes must not be discussed in full details |
the length and depth background information depends on the amount of how much the reader should know |
defining the topic and audience |
Cites sources and put quotation marks in verbatim quotes |
Keep your bg focused and balanced |
should critical, consistent and logically structured. |
Difference of Research bg and introduction
Research Background |
Introduction |
In depth discussion on the topic |
Preliminary data about your topic |
No such mandatory format |
End with your research questions, aims and objectives |
Introductory part of paper with the purpose of relaying the importance of the research paper |
More comprehensive and thoroughly discuss the studies mentioned in the bg of research |
Research Questions
General Research |
derived from the research problem |
Specific Research |
anchored on the general research problem |
Types of research questions
Qualitative Research |
Quantitative Research |
how and why of things |
"what" and exact quantifiable answer. |
Importance of Research Questions
key to the research study |
research discussion begins and end in research questions |
if research question is wrong, the study is also wrong |
Research Questions - help to clarify and specify the research problem.
Characteristics of Good research Question
Feasible |
can be done and possible |
Clear |
understandable and specific |
Significant |
contributes to an issue or to society |
Ethical |
consider welfare of people, animals and whoever involved in the study |
Scope and Delimitations
Scope |
What to include, the coverage of the study |
Delimitations |
What to exclude, the factors not included and not will be dealt in the study. |
Components of Scope and Delimitation
Topic of the study |
Objectives or problems to be addressed |
Time frame |
Locale of the study |
Characteristics of the study |
Methods and Research Instruments |
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Differences of Delimitation and Limitation
Delimitations |
Limitation |
limitations that arose during the study |
variables included before the conduct of the study |
Statement of the problem
-Gives the reader and user of the research important information
-Provides focus in the research
-shows the value of the statement. |
Guides in statement of the problem
Should be researchable |
should not contain insuffient detail and information |
Be important |
not to general nor too specific |
Indicate the type of research |
Clear |
include terms that are easily understandable |
Definition of terms
-section where how the terms or words are used in study.
-must be alphabetical |
3 ways of Writing Definition of terms
Conceptual |
meaning attributed to the word and understood by many people |
Operational |
meaning of the concept/terms and how it is used in the study |
Functions |
rules and procedure the investigators will use |
Two types of research framework
Conceptual Framework |
actual ideas, beliefs and theories that supports the study |
Theoretical Framework |
anchored on time-tested theories that relate to the findings of the investigation |
Research Framework
-structure or blueprint of the research plan
-Has two types |
Difference between research frameworks
Theoretical Framework |
Conceptual Framework |
broader, can be used in different studies |
narrowed, directly related to a specific study |
theory used already in the field |
related concepts for specific study |
presents one theory |
synthesize two or more theories |
already existing before conduct of the study |
developed while planning and writing a specific research |
Review of Related Literature
-to find what is already known in the topic
-to give readers a critical overview of what you found out
-to find the gaps or missing info |
Steps in writing RRL
Search for relevant literature |
Evaluate and Select sources |
Identify themes, debates and gaps |
Outline your literature review's structure |
Write it |
In text Citation and referencing Styles
American Psychological Association(APA) |
education, psychology and sciences |
Chicago Manual of Style(CMS)) |
business, history and the fine arts |
Vancouver Style of Reference |
Health sciences |
Modern Language Association |
Humanities |
In-text Citation style
Chicago Style |
usage of footnotes |
Vancouver |
number tracking, number refers to unique sources |
APA |
clear and consistent presentation, has certain guidelines that should be observed |
MLA |
brief parenthetical citation |
APA formatting
Author |
Full Surname, Initials of first and middle |
Title |
Italicized the title |
Copyright date |
after author's name |
Publishing date |
usually after author's name too |
More than one author |
list them all down in the order they appear |
More than three authors |
use et al. after the first author |
Anonymous |
use the first name found |
thesis, dissertations and other unpublished works |
name of references written |
Online materials |
retrieved from is no longer necessary, only link is needed. |
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