Noun
Polite |
Casual |
noun+です |
noun+だ |
noun+でした |
noun+だった |
noun+じゃありません |
noun+じゃない |
noun+じゃありませんでした |
noun+じゃなかった |
Particles
は |
Topic, contrast, elaboration |
が |
subject of verb, new information, potential form mark, connect clauses ('but', 'despite') |
を |
Object of verb, verb of motion |
に |
indirect object, destination, point in time, period of time, direct objects for なる、ある、のる |
と |
Person an action is done with, links nouns, marks quote speech, if-then relationship |
で |
place, area or length of time when something happened, method or tool under which something happens |
も |
also, too, even |
か |
question, links noun to create group |
の |
possesion, combine 2 nouns |
へ |
mark destination (not final) |
や |
incomplete list of things |
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Polite Verbs
| |
Ru-verbs |
Irregular |
U-verbs |
Present/Future |
Present/Future N |
Past |
Past N |
Progressive |
Command |
Command N |
Potential (can) |
Desire |
Desire N |
Volition (Let's) |
Passive (to be -ed) |
Causative (to allow someone to~) |
Passive Causative |
Counters
つ |
Generic |
個 |
Generic things with distinct shape |
本 |
Stick-shaped or long things |
枚 |
Thin object (paper ticket) |
匹 |
Small animal |
頭 |
Large animal |
冊 |
Books |
回 |
Number of times |
階 |
Floor of building |
Multi-syllable particles
Particle |
Meaning |
だけ |
No more than |
しか |
Limiting amount or extend |
ほど |
Degree, length of time |
より |
lesser element in comparison |
でも |
Possibility/Syuggestion |
くらい |
Approximately |
ばかり |
Only |
から |
Starting place, source of info |
まで |
Ending place |
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Informal Verbs
| |
Ru-verbs |
Irregular |
U-verbs |
Present/Future |
Present/Future N |
Past |
Past N |
Progressive |
Command |
Command N |
Potential (can) |
Desire |
Desire N |
Volition (Let's) |
Passive (to be -ed) |
Causative (to allow someone to~) |
Passive Causative |
Conjunctive adverbs (start sentences)
そして |
Also,... |
だから |
Therefore (so), ... |
しかし/でも/だけど/ただし |
However (but), ... |
Verb Usages
If |
e + ba/ u + to/ ~ta+ra |
If not |
~a + nakereba |
Must/have to |
~ikenai |
After |
te+kara/ta+ra |
Because |
~u + kara/node |
In order to |
~u + tameni |
While (at the same time) |
~i + dagara |
Even if/when |
~te + mo |
May |
~te + mo+ii |
Try to (make effort) |
te + miru (see result)/ ou+tosuru (make an effort) |
Must not |
~te + waikenai |
To do in advance |
~te + oku |
To do too much |
~i + sugiru |
To do.. and so on |
~ta + ri + suru |
To (irreversibly) do |
~te + shimau |
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Adjectives
na |
i |
です/だ |
です/- |
でした/だった |
-い ＋かったです/かった |
じゃありません/じゃない |
-い ＋かったです/-い＋くない |
じゃありませんでした/じゃなかった |
-い＋かわなかったです/-い＋くなかった |
Adverbs
i-adjective |
na-adjective |
いー＞く |
なー＞に |
早いー＞早く |
綺麗なー＞綺麗に |
Conjunctions (Between phrases)
が/けど |
A, but B |
けども/のに |
Even though A, B |
から/ので |
Because of A, B |
なら |
If A, B |
と |
If A, B |
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