Data Types & StructuresINTEGER (whole numbers) | 1, 2, 45, 231, -2, -213 | REAL (decimal numbers) | 1.23, 938.232312, -23.233 | STRING (words or sentences) | “Hello World”, “123 bipbop” | CHARACTER (one character or alphabet) | ‘A’, ‘b’, ‘Y’, ‘o’, ‘1’, ‘8’, ‘d | BOOLEAN (true or false) | TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE | ARRAY (many words or numbers) | [“Hi”, “me not smart”, 174, 23, “12 bipbop”, -1234] |
Rules:
INT and REAL are typed as numbers only
STR must be in double quotation marks i.e. "Hello"
CHAR must be in single quotation marks i.e. 'H'
BOOL must be in either TRUE or FALSE
Array can be assigned to variables and must be inside braces. i.e. names = ["Andy", "Cindy", "Bobby"] Operators (Arithmetic)Operators | Examples | It Will Give | + (plus) | 5 + 5 | 10 | - (minus) | 8 - 3 | 5 | * (multiply) | 6*2 | 12 | / (divide) | 8/4 | 2 | ^ (power) | 2^3 | 8 | DIV (dividend) | 12 DIV 5 | 2 | MOD (modulo) | 10 MOD 5 | 0 |
Note: MOD will give you the remainder of the number Operators (Assignment)Operators | Examples | > (greater than sign) | 100 > 5 | < (lesser than sign) | 60 < 150 | <> (not equal sign) | 7 <> 25 | = (equal sign) | 12 = 12 |
The >= operator means greater than or equal to
The <= operator means lesser than or equal to Operators (boolean)Operators | Examples | AND | TRUE AND TRUE = TRUE | OR | TRUE OR FALSE = TRUE | NOT | NOT FALSE = TRUE |
Boolean Operators are also called Logical Operators. AND means conjunction, OR means disjunction, NOT means negation | | The FOR LoopFOR LOOP
Use a FOR loop when you know how many times it'll run
The syntax:
FOR variable = something to something
do something
NEXT
The example:
FOR number = 1 to 3:
PRINT number
NEXT |
Running this on raptor/ other engines will output:
1
2
3 REPEAT LoopTHE REPEAT LOOP
Use a REPEAT loop when you know how many times it'll run
The syntax:
REPEAT
do something
UNTIL something
The example:
number = 1
REPEAT
PRINT number
number = number + 1
UNTIL number = 3 |
Running this on raptor/ other engines will output:
1
2
3 WHILE LoopTHE WHILE LOOP
Use WHILE loop when you don't know how many times it'll run
The syntax:
WHILE something DO
do something
ENDWHILE
The example:
number = 1
WHILE number < 3 DO
PRINT number
number = number + 1
ENDWHILE |
If you put this in raptor/other engines they will output:
1
2
3 Writing An Algorithm ExampleYou are tasked to find out what is the 16th number in the Fibonacci sequence, how do you do it? fib_0 = 0
fib_1 = 1
find_num = 16
FOR i = 0 to find_num
___ fib_2 = fib_0 + fib_1
___ fib_0 = fib_1
___ fib_1 = fib_2
PRINT "The 16th number is: ", fib_2
| |
Answer of Output = 987 |
Fibonacci Sequence is a sequence where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. For example: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 | | Conditional Statements (IF)Syntax:
IF condition
THEN do something
ELSE do something else
ENDIF
Example:
khaisar_height = 100
IF khaisar_height < 120
THEN PRINT “Please enter the kids room”
ELSE PRINT “Please enter the teenagers room”
ENDIF |
Description:
Conditional Statements are IF statements. The IF statement check if a condition is TRUE or FALSE.
In the English language, we say:
If you come to the party, I'll buy one pizza.
In the computer language. We say it like this:
IF answer = “YES” THEN pizza = 1 ENDIF
As simple as that! Extended IF statementIF grade > 90 AND behavior > 80
THEN PRINT "Excellent"
ELIF grade > 80 AND behavior > 70
THEN PRINT "Well Done"
ELIF grade > 70 AND behavior > 60
THEN PRINT "Good Job"
ELSE PRINT "Improvement is needed!"
ENDIF |
IF and ELIF (else if) are used for a choice between several different values. You can either use ELIF or CASE, it is up to you. CASE OFSyntax:
CASE ... OF
something
OTHERWISE something
ENDCASE
Example:
CASE grade OF
'A' : PRINT "Excellent"
'B' : PRINT "Well Done"
'C' : PRINT "Good Job"
'D' : PRINT "Do Better"
'F' : PRINT "Find Another Answer"
OTHERWISE PRINT "Improve next time"
ENDCASE |
CASE is another conditional statement that is use for several different values FunctionsThe syntax:
FUNCTION do_something(Parameters)
statements
RETURN something
END PROCEDURE
Example:
FUNCTION count_pizza_slices(number_of_pizza)
number_of_pizza_slices = 0
number_of_pizza_slices = number_of_pizza * 8
RETURN number_of_pizza_slices
END PROCEDURE |
Running this on a engine/idle:
count_pizza_slices(5)
Output:
40 |
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