US History: 1500 - 1680
1513: Juan Ponce De Leon, a Spanish explorer, arrived in Florida searching for the fountain of youth |
1521: Ponce de Leon was killed by Native American Calusa |
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish Explorer, search current day Southwest US for gold |
1597: Guale Indians destroyed various Spanish Missions set up in the Southwest |
1610: Spain established their first permanent settlement in Santa Fe, New Mexico |
1680: 2000 Native Americans, united under leader Pope, rebelled against Spanish settlers and killed 400 of them |
US History: 17th cent. Colonization
Jamestown/ Chesapeake Colony |
Massachusetts Bay Colony |
1607: Jamestown, VA founded as 1st English colony; founded by Virginia Co. as money making project |
1620: Massachusetts Bay Colony founded |
1610: Harsh winter killed many colonists aka "The Starving Time" |
Mass. Bay - comprised of uber- protestants AND pilgrims |
1612: Powhatan, Native Chief, est. trade with Jamestown and John Smith; trading food, crops and fur for guns, iron and tools |
Pilgrims seeking asylum create and sign the Mayflower Compact |
1618: Virginia Co. offered Headright System: 50 acres of land for each person a settler paid to bring over (cue indentured servants) |
Squanto, a Native American, gave the pilgrims food and resources to survive |
1619: 1st shipment of African slaves arrived in VA |
1629: Cambridge Agreement - stated Mass Bay board Members would live in the US not Britain |
1622: Indian Rebellion against the English Settlers for encroaching on land |
Mass. Colony began buying land, eventually RI, from Natives WITH strings attached; they needed to submit to English Authority |
1624: 200,000 pounds of tobacco produced each year |
1637: The Pequot War - Conflict with English and Natives began in Mass.; massacred 500 pequot natives |
1632: Maryland founded as 2nd Chesapeake Colony granted to Cecilus Calvert |
1640: the first slaves arrive in Massachusetts |
1644: Another Native Uprising failed so remaining 2000 Natives signed treaty to consign themselves to reservations in West Virgninia |
1675: King Philips War/Metacom's War - Natives launched attack on New England (Natives lost) |
Virginia Company became the Royal Company |
1691 - Pilgrims colony was absorbed by Mass. Bay colony |
US History: 17th Cent. Colonization Cont.
New Amsterdam |
Pennsylvania |
1624: Dutch bought Manhattan from Natives and established New Amsterdam |
1681: Pennsylvania land was given to William Penn by Charles II |
it was founded by businessmen and was a commercial venture |
Penn wanted a safe place for quakers to live; they strongly opposed slavery |
Jews and Quakers were welcomes, Natives were pushed out. Women could own property |
1737: Pennsylvanian colonists got the "walking purchase" |
1664: English took over the colony from the Dutch; changing New Amsterdam to New York |
Natives agreed to cede land bound by the distance a man could walk in 36 hours |
US History: 17th Cent. Colonization Cont. 2
1663: King Charles II gave 8 proprietors the right to colonize North of Florida (still held by Spanish) |
1686: King James II consolidated CT, Plymouth, MA, NH, RI, NY and East/West Jersey into The Dominion ruled by NY Gov. Edmund Andros |
1688: The Glorious Revolution - reversed The Dominion and colonies reasserted independence |
1690: English Toleration Act - all protestants could worship freely in the colonies |
1691: Salem Witch Trials began ( killing 14 people) |
US History: 7 Years War
1754- 1763: AKA French and Indian War |
Began due to trade relations between french fur traders, colonists and native americans |
British believed in Mercantalism - where govt regulates economy to increase national power |
Britian was involved in the triangular trade - exchange of slaves, tobacco, raw sugar and finished goods between Britain, Colonies and Africa |
1754: George Washington led Brits in attack on French Territory in W. Penn. and was a fail |
1755: Another unsuccessful Brit attack on Fort Duquesne; French and Natives killed 2/3 of Brit forces |
1755-57: Brits continued to lose but got control of part of Nova Scotia |
1759: Brits captured Fort Duquesne, Ticonderoga, and Louisberg |
1760: Brits beat French near Quebec and Montreal fell |
1763: Treaty of Paris ended the war |
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Forms of Government
Monarchy |
single family rules for generations, sovereignty is embodied by 1 person; Absolute Monarchy means ruler has complete rule of government; Constitutional Monarchy where ruler has figurehead power with support of other govt |
Oligarchy |
small group of individuals rule; characterized by tyrannical, authoritarian rule with little democratic say |
Democracy |
people are given direct role in choosing their leadership; fair representation with little to no unchecked power or authority |
Anarchy |
absence of government; no regulations or central governing system |
Totalitarianism |
authoritarian form of government; usually single ruler without limitations, backed by widespread propaganda; usually has surveillance, controls mass media, intimidating police force and suppressing subjects |
US Gov. - Branches of Government
Executive Branch |
elected President; execute the laws; reelected every 4 years |
Legislative Branch |
House of Representatives & Senate; makes the laws; 435 HoR reelected every 2 years; 100 Senators reelected every 6 years |
Judical Branch |
Supreme Court; upholds the laws; nominated by President agreed on by Senate; serve life terms |
Each were designed to check and balance one another; Legislative Branch has the most power of the 3
US Gov - Executive Branch
Lincoln (16th Pres) |
Lead during Civil War; abolished slavery with Emancipation Proclamation; saw division and reunion of USA |
Washington (1st Pres) |
1st unanimously elected president; great economic management, |
FDR (32nd Pres) |
Served more than 2 terms; Created New Deal to end the Great Depression; Intn'l relations in WWII |
T. Roosevelt (26th Pres) |
Promoted Conservation; Saw Panama Canal built; Created Food Safety laws, Square Deal; Monroe Doctrine upheld |
Eisenhower (34th Pres) |
founded NASA; created Interstate Highway program |
Truman (33rd Pres) |
took over when FDR died in office; led Country through end of WWII |
Jefferson (3rd Pres) |
Anti-Federalist; believed in power of the people; expanded US with Louisiana Purchase |
JFK (35th Pres) |
youngest President; led country out of recession; Cuban Missle Crisis; New Frontier Project; Initiated CIvil Rights Acts |
Reagan (40th Pres) |
Reaganomics; Tax cuts and Tax Revision acts; Cold War |
Johnson (36th Pres) |
passed Medicare and Medicaid programs, passed Civil Right Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act in 1965 |
Most Notable Presidents and associated accomplishments
US Gov. - Court Cases
Marbury vs. Madison (1803) |
estabilshed that Supreme Court has right to declare laws unconstitutional (judicial review); defined boundary between executive and judicial branches |
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) |
established implied power that the Fed. gov. has over the states gov. |
Brown vs. Board of Ed (1954) |
separate but equal deemed unconstitutional; desegregated schools |
Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963) |
all have a right to an attorney even if they cant afford one; |
Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) |
police need to advise people of their rights before questioning |
Loving vs. Virginia (1967) |
invalidated laws outlawing interracial marriage |
Roe vs. Wade (1973) |
right to privacy under 14th amendment to have an abortion |
US Gov. - Important Terms
cloture |
motion to end a debate in Senate; 60 votes needed |
ex post facto |
law that decrees something illegal that happened before the law was passed; |
filibuster |
senate tactic; a senator in the minority on a bill talks excessively on the floor until majority backs down and bill is killed |
gerrymandering |
redistricting neighborhoods to benefit the political party in charge; used by both political parties |
habeas corpus |
the right to be brought before a judge;cant be unlawfully detained |
horizontal federalism |
how state governments relate to one another |
interest group |
organization of people with common interest working together to influence the government |
iron triangle |
alliance of groups with interest in a policy area; Bureaucrats from an agency; interest groups affected; legislatures from appropriate committees |
logrolling |
where 2 or more members in congress agree to support each others bills |
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Ancient Civs Indus River Valley
3000 BCE - 1750 BCE |
Near Modern Day India; along the Indus River which flooded predictably 2x a year |
Floods made river banks farmable land with silt deposits; major cities:Harappa and Mohenjo Daro |
centralized drainage systems in the cities, using gravity to pull waste away |
public baths were central features, traded seals (with emblems), cotton cloth, and bronze |
peaceful with no weapons recovered, declined possibly due to conquests, disaster, or earthquake |
Ancient Civs Mesopotamia
5500 BCE - 2000 BCE |
Along the Tigrus and Euphrades Rivers; fertile crescent |
territorial kingdom, Main cities: Uruk, Sumer, Babylon; built on and used slave labor |
built Ziggurats (temples) and wrote in cuneiform; over time focus shift from temples to palaces and from gods to people |
Around 2000 BCE Mesopotamia declined into a set of city-states |
Hammurabi ruled Babylon from 1792 BCE- 1750 BCE; instituted strict laws under Hammurabi's code |
Babylon eventually was conquered by the Kassities and then the Assyrians (notably violent) |
911 BCE: Neo-Assyrian Empire grew from main cities of Ashur and Nineveh; spread to all of Mesopotamia, E. Coast of Mediterranean and Egypt (680 BCE) |
612 BCE: Nineveh conquered and fell |
Ancient Civis Egypt
3000 BCE - 332 BCE |
Along the Nile River, regular and predictable flooding patterns with a calm current; able to use basin irrigation systems; traded timber and gold |
2649-2152: Old Kingdom Egypt; pyramids built by slaves and poor (2575-2465 BCE); Ra the sun god worshipped, Pharoahs ruled as demigods; 2 types of writing: Hieroglyphics and demotic |
2040-1640: Middle Kingdom; Pharoahs from Nubia, Ammun was god eventually merged with Ra to become Ammun-Ra; Egypt conquered by many during this time including Hyksos (eventually expelled) |
1550-1070: New Kingdom; military expansion like empire; expanded with military feats and trade; conflicts with Assyrians, Persians, Romans and Alex the Great |
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Economics - Economic Activities
Primary Economic Activities |
type of operation extracting or refining natural resources; mining, agriculture, forestry, or fishing |
Secondary Economic Activities |
processing raw materials; timber into furniture, iron-ore into steel, factories with input and output |
Tertiary Economic Activities |
service industry or retail sector; tourism, media, clerical services, insurance, banking, law, and health care |
Economics - Terminology
marginal utility |
used to determine how much of an item consumers are willing to purchase; buying a candy bar to satisfy a sweet tooth and having a second candy bar but not enjoying it as much as the 1st shows decreased marginal utility |
total utility |
the total amount of satisfaction or fullfillment a consumer gets from consuming a product or service |
supply curve |
how products and prices relate to one another in the amount they cost, the amount they are needed (demand) and the amount available (supply) |
shift right in supply curves |
more sellers = more supply, technology that increases production efficiency |
shift left in supply curves |
cost of resources increases = lower supply; expectation of increased prices = temporary decrease in supply to increase demand |
equilibrium price |
where supply and demand curves intersect; prices are stable; if 1000 tops are manufactured and sold at 2 dollars and 1000 people are willing to buy at the $2 price it is the equilibrium price |
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