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Cellular Res and Photosyn Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

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This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Cellular Respir­ation

Takes place in Mitoch­ondria
starch is the major source of fuel
broken down into glucose
energy harvest
Glocose is broken down in steps to harvest energy
ETC
A sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions
ETC
releases energy used to make ATP
4 Stages:
Glycolysis - Pyruvate Oxidation - the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) - Oxidative phosph­ory­lation

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytosol
Splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C)
Two stages
Energy investment stage & Energy payoff stage
Energy investment stage
the cell uses ATP to phosph­orylate compounds of glucose
Energy payoff stage
energy is produced by substrate level phosph­ory­lation
The net energy yield per 1 glucose
2 ATP + 2 NADH
EI stage
2 ATP to 2 ADP + P
EP stage
4 ADP + P to 4 ATP
Net
2 Pyruvate + 2H2O + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H+

Pyruvate Oxidation and Cotroc Acid Cycle

Pyruvate Oxidation
Turns to Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle
AKA Krebs cycle
Occurs in the mitoch­ondrial matrix
turns acetyl CoA into citrate
releases CO2, synthesize ATP, and transfer electrons to NADH and FADH2
Inputs
2 acetyl CoA
Outputs
2ATP 6NADH 4CO2 2FADH2
 

Oxidative Phosph­ory­lation

Consists of
Electron transport chain and Chemio­smosis
Electron Transport Chain
located in the inner membrane of the mitoch­ondria
ETC
Collection of proteins
ETC
Does not produce ATP directly, BUT Helps manage the release of energy by creating several small steps for “fall” of electrons
The cristae increase the surface area for the reactions to occur
final electron acceptor
oxygen
One major function
to create a proton (H+) gradient across the membrane
As proteins shuttle electrons along the ETC, they also pump H+ into the interm­embrane space
Use the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2
This gradient will power chemio­smosis
Uses hydrogen ions to power cellular work
Chemio­smosis
ATP synthase
ATP synthase
the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP + P
ATP synthase
Uses energy from the H+ gradient across the membrane
Chemio­smosis
H+ ions flow down their gradient through ATP synthase
ATP synthase acts like a rotor
When H+ binds the rotor spins -- Activates catalytic sites to turn ADP + P into ATP
Produces
26-28 ATP per glucose
 

Respir­ation without Oxygen

Anaerobic Respir­ation
generates ATP using an ETC in the absence of oxygen
Takes place in prokar­yotic organisms that live in enviro­nments with no oxygen
The final electron acceptors: sulfates or nitrates
Fermen­tation
generates ATP without an ETC
Extension of glycolysis
Recycles NAD+, Occurs in the cytosol, NO oxygen
Two types
Alcohol fermen­tation and Lactic acid fermen­tation
Alcohol Fermen­tation (bacteria, yeast)
pyruvate is converted into ethanol
Lactic Acid Fermen­tation (muscle cells)
When muscles run out of oxygen, they can go through lactic acid fermen­tation to produce ATP
Lactic Acid Fermen­tation
Breakdown of lactate

Ph

Photos­ynt­hesis
the conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Site of Photos­ynt­hesis
Chloro­plast and Stomata
Chloroplas
organelle for the location of photos­ynt­hesis
Stomata
pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out
Stroma
aqueous internal fluid
Thylakoids
form stacks known as grana
Chloro­phyll
green pigment in thylakoid membranes
PS II
Light energy (photon) causes an e- to go from an excited state back to a ground state
PS I
Electrons go down a second transport chain
Calvin Cycle
The calvin cycle is cyclic electron flow
Three phases:
1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regene­ration of RuBP