Cheatography
https://cheatography.com
-cells
-movement of substances
-biological molecules
-nutrition in humans
-transport in humans
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Structure of Cell
CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE |
CELL WALL |
CYTOPLASM |
NUCLEUS |
MITOCHONDRION |
site of aerobic respiration to release energy |
VACUOLE |
animal: numerous, small, temporary |
plant: large central vacuole |
storage of substances within cell |
maintains turgor in plant |
CHLOROPLAST |
RIBOSOME |
free: make proteins that function within the cell |
bound: make proteins for export out of the cell |
RER |
proteins made by the ribosomes are secreted into the lumen of the RER |
proteins are exported from the RER within sacs known as vesicles |
involved in the folding, packaging & transport of proteins |
SER |
detoxification of harmful substances eg drugs and poisons |
synthesises substances like steroids & phospholipids |
GOLGI APPARATUS |
chemical modification of substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum |
packaging of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (proteins/lipids) within vesicles for storage and export out of cell |
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, TRANSPORT & EXPORT |
ribosomes on RER synthesises proteins/peptide chains |
RER folds/packages polypeptide chains within lumen of RER |
vesicles carrying the proteins pinch off from the RER & transported to the Golgi body |
vesicles fuse with Golgi body |
Golgi body chemically modifies & packages the proteins |
vesicles carrying modified proteins pinches off from Golgi body and transported towards cell membrane |
vesicles are transported towards & fuse with the cell membrane to release proteins out of cell |
SPECIALISED CELLS
RED BLOOD CELL |
HAEMOGLOBIN |
enables transport of oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body |
NO NUCLEUS |
more space, store more haemoglobin to bind to & transport more oxygen |
CIRCULAR BICONCAVE SHAPE |
increase surface area to volume ratio of cell for more efficient/higher rate of diffusion of oxygen into & out of cell |
FLEXIBLE SHAPE |
fold and bend to squeeze into small capillaries to transport oxygen through the blood capillaries |
ROOT HAIR CELL |
LONG NARROW PROTRUSION |
increases surface area to volume ratio of cell to allow more efficient absorption of water & dissolved mineral salts |
CONCENTRATED CELL SAP |
lower water potential of cell sap allows water to enter via osmosis at a higher rate |
NUMEROUS MITOCHONDRIA |
supply energy required for active transport of substances in to cell |
MUSCLE CELLS |
MANY MITOCHONDRIA |
supply more energy for muscular contraction |
MUSCLE FIBRES |
for muscular contraction & movement to take place |
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