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Impacts on Society |
By 2025 - 1 in 3 Australian adults will be obese |
poor health --> disease and illness |
EDs are costly and difficult to treat |
Leading cause of preventable death in the US (incl. alcohol & smoking) |
Processed food manufacture has a turnover of around $74 Billion/year |
Food exports are worth $30 Billion/year – 11% of our total exports |
Fast food sales alone are worth $17 Billion/year |
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Controls of Food Intake |
Body (biological) |
Environment (external forces) |
Brain (biological and physiological) |
energy levels
- energy stored short term as glucose and long term as fat
- fat cells secrete leptin, more leptin = appetite suppression |
food
- seeing food causes a cephalic phase response (salivation, insulin release etc)
- In the US 4.2 Billion dollars is spent per year advertising just fast food |
neurochemicals
- dopamine and seretonin suppress appetite
- leptin --> CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone) = suppressed appetite
- Ghrelin--> NY (neuropeptide Y) = increasing appetite |
sensation
- sensory specific satiety drives diet variety and slows intake near end of a meal |
time and place
- eating is socially acceptable in most times and places
- routines can trigger hunger cues |
brain structure
- Hypothalamus • Ventromedial nucleus (stop eating) • Lateral hypothalamus (start eating) § CRH and NY exert their effects here
- Cortical Regions § Frontal (impulsivity) § Insula (interoception)
- Limbic system § Hippocampus (memory) • Eating and Henry Molaison |
signals from digestive organs
- stomach is distended or empty
- gut and stomach taste receptors
- Stomach is emptying its nutrient rich content (chyme) into the small intestine
- gut bacteria detect fat content
- signals communicated through Nerves (e.g., vagus), Hormones (e.g., CCK & ghrelin), Nutrients (e.g., blood lipoproteins) |
people and leisure
- people eat more when with others
- TV can increase food intake by association and by distraction |
conscious/unconscious
- brain probably plays the most cruical and larger part in food intake |
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portion and plate
- portion sizes have grown over time
- larger plate =larger food intake |
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Eating Disorders |
1. Anorexia Nervosa, 2. Bulimia Nervosa, 3. Binge Eating Disorder (B.E.D.), 4. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (A.R.F.I.D.), and 5. Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (O.S.F.E.D.) |
EDs are internalizing disorders characterised by specific negative thought patterns |
80% of ED patients have another internalizing disorder |
only 40-60% of ED patients recover |
