John Cabot
1496, King Henry VII of England gave Cabot the right to sail to search for a westward trade route to Asia and lands unclaimed by Spanish (Christians) |
mounted 3 voyages, 2nd (1497) one was most successful, coasted the shores of Newfoundland and Labrador and noted waters were full of cod during the journey |
the land saw was thought to be the eastern shore of Asia |
second group of Europeans to reach Canada |
1497, voyage provided England a claim to North America and knowledge of a new fishery. |
The English & The Dutch
looked for opportunities to colonize the north |
D settled first on the Hudson River and explored the Dutch East India Company |
E searched for a Northwest Passage, explored the Arctic, attacked Spanish treasure ships along northern South America |
1583, Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for E |
Samuel De Champlain
French soldier, navigator, fought in religious wars of Reformation, interested in Americas |
1605, summer, de Monts, Champlain, and approx. 60 settlers established a small post called “Port Royal” |
1608, led an expedition to St.Lawrence River, which is Quebec city now, met Algonkians and Montagnais |
established a post & habitation at Quebec allied Algonkians and Montagnais against Iroquois, agreed not to trade furs with the English |
allied Algonkians and Montagnais against Iroquois, in return = agreed not to trade furs with the English |
1613, became a partner in a trading company with a monopoly in Canada |
his colony was attacked by the English Kirke brothers, the Algonkians guided the english and refused to heklp the French |
captured and taken to prisoner |
his colonies did not die, a new company called "The Company of a Hundred Associaties" took over when C was in his sixties |
1606, found Order of Good Cheer (more pleasant habitat) at Port Royal |
De Monts
French noble appointed by the king to set up trading posts in Canada |
was given a monopoly on fur trade in return for establishing a french colony |
Port Royal
Business failed and De Mont lost his trading monopoly |
Settlers built several buildings, like a mill, planted a # of crops |
Settlement abandoned by 1607 Few settlers were permitted to stay as long as they agreed to not to work the fur trade |
Became highly skilled farmers and eventually will form the colony of Acadia |
Quebec
advantages - towering cliffs provided an almost impregnable natural fort |
around 1615, the company made good $ from fur but France had little interest in building a settlement |
Champlain even tried to stop ppl from coming to farm at the habitation b/c he thought this would ruin the trade or it might create trade outside his monopoly |
Huron
closely related to Iroquois, but became enemies |
navigated rivers of central Canada, Champlain wanted to form an alliance with them and use Huron's trading connections = leading source of furs for the French |
had many economic advantages because of their geographic location, located on the southern shore of Georgian Bay (fishing was excellent) |
vegetation of the region - mixed forests, meadows, fields, sandy soil was perfect fore planting corn, squash, pumpkins, and beans |
1616, were Champlain's partner, supplied most of the beaver fur along the St.Lawrence |
Castor Gras D'Hiver
prime winter beaver pelt |
were becoming the rage in Europe |
Coureurs De Bois
Champlain sent them to explore the Great Lake Region, lived with the Native ppl and married into their communities |
seeking for fur and the Northwest Passage |
were independent traders of the fur business |
Pierre Radisson & Medart de Groseilliers - most famous coureurs de bois, DG brought many furs from the north country, R was guided to Hudson Bay and the rich fur territories around it |
"The Company of a Hundred Associaties"
took over Champlain's colony when he was in his late sixties |
ruled by the most powerful person in France, Cardinal Richelieu |
required by its charter to bring settlers to Canada and establish seigneuries |
overall, it was a business failure, lost its monopoly in the fur trade in 1660, soon fell into bankrupt |
The Thirteen Colonies
late 1600's, Holland lost its colony to the English |
and the English colonies of Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Virginia, New Jersey, Maine, and Carolina were growing rapidly |
The Jesuit Missions
jesuits = an order of Roman Catholic Priests, partners of the Company of a hundred Associates |
Hurons who converted to Christianity enjoyed privileges in the fur trade so many joined the Church and lived near the Jesuit mission in Huron, but many still refused to join |
cause = splitting the Huron Nation, vulnerable to attack |
Sovereign Council
governor - appointed the represent the King of France, supervise defence, establish treaties with the Native ppl |
intendant - a chief administrator would govern the local ppl |
catholic bishop - responsible for religious affair, catholic priests and nuns will continue to covert the native ppl to Christianity |
New France
when Champlain died in 1635, only a few French lived in New France |
The Company OAHS failed to bring settlers, and the Iroquois controlled most of the fur trade, they set higher prices to cut French profits |
1661, New France successfully asked for help from France, King Louis XIV and his minister Colbert determined to make the colony strong and profitable |
France responded to the help by sending 1100 professional soldiers to Canada, led by Marquis de Tracy, they attacked & burned the Iroquois village until I begged for peace |
Both parties got what they wanted - French would open fur trade to the west and the Iroquois could expand their territories elsewhere |
Jean Talon
New France's first intendant |
recruited women by looking at those that gained the least staying in France = filles du roi |
established lumber mills, a tannery, and a brewery in Canada, made trade within the empire easier, built small ships, |
all these improvements made new France stronger, more self-sufficient and more profitable to France |
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Frontenac
New France's first governor |
fought with the church and home government |
extended boundaries of the empire by ordering the coureurs de bois to look for more fur |
at one point asked the Iroquois to meet with him and build an alliance but Iroquois only agreed if the French wouldn't expand their territory |
but Frotenac sending coureurs de bois to travel far seemed suspicious to the Iroquois |
1682, recalled to France but was sent back several years later to lead his last campaign against the Iroquois |
Siegneury
1663, 104 seigneuries divided into more than 13 million square arpents and spread over 320 kilometres on both sides of St.Lawrence river |
had to build and live in a manor house, hold court in the event of disputes, attract settlers, build a mill and responsible fore defence |
The Habitants
lives were built around the manor and the church |
many worked in the fur trade |
women worked on the farm, had many children, delivered home by midwives |
life was based on the cycle of the farm |
spring - plants were planted, sugar was harvested from sugar maples, fishing season began |
summer - cultivating and weeding fields, cutting wood, clearing wasteland |
fall - harvest time, crops were gathered, animal were slaughtered, food was preserved for winter |
ate well, shortage was rare, raised pigs, chicken, ducks, cows = milk, butter, and cheese |
lots of fruit and berries, peas = important crop, pea soup = common dish |
ate lots of fish especially on Friday (Catholic meatless day) |
enjoyed music and story-telling, regular church goers |
Towns of New France
largest town = Quebec and Montreal then Trois Rivieres and Tadoussac, all on St.Lawrence River |
Quebec ws the oldest and the strongest, also most important |
Montreal was becoming a lively place, fur trade started at Ottawa River, Church was very active, Native visitors and emissaries came and went regularly |
Amenities & Emissaries
a - things and services that improved life |
e - people sent out on missions |
Women in New France
some of the 1st female immigrants to NF were nuns, sent out by religious orders to help convert and educate native peoples |
old France - women in Quebec and Acadia had few rights |
a married woman couldn't easily carry on business, sue or be sued, dispose of her own property without her husband's consent |
widows could and did actively take parts of the business life in the colony |
Treaty of Paris
1763, ended wars between Britain and France for control of North America |
France gave up all rights and colonies in NA to Britain except for Louisiana, New Orleans, and St.Pierre, Miquelon near Newfoundland |
in exchange, recieved Martinique, Guadaloupe, and some sugar islands in Caribbean |
Pontiac
Ottawa chief, tried to untie all tribes to fight the British since Anglo-Americans traders and settlers were a serious threat to their way of life |
but he couldn't get military support so British defeated hem |
The Royal Proclamation
1763, the king issued the Royal P, an announcement that had the force of law |
cut of speculation to the west of Appalachian Mountains = settlers from 13 colonies couldn't move into the Ohio Valley, Native ppl were satisfied since settlers and trades couldn't enter their territory without permission |
caused the American Revolution, which resulted in the creation of United States |
The Quebec Act
1774, Quebec turned into a new British colony |
good for Canada & the French population, but cuased major problems w/ the Americans |
the act recognized the importance of the Catholic Church, kept French law for business and personal law matters, introduced English Criminal Law, also made Quebec larger by setting its boundaries farther north and west |
the act was designed to keep the Canadians loyal to the Britain |
made things between American and Britain at the 13 colonies worse, Americans wanted to expand into Ohio valley, and wanted assemblies and more democracy (which the quebec didn't have) |
lead straight to American Revolution |
The American Revolution
time again, Americans lost fighting with the British |
victories were paid by Britain's taxpayers, it seemed only right if Americans paid part of the bill too, Americans resisted, considered this as a great insult, cut off from the Ohio Valley from the RP and the Quebec Act |
but there were strong business ties between Britain and NA, potential loss of this relationship can trouble business ppl so 1774, they decided to work together |
the opening shot was fried at Lexington Green, Massachusetts |
an American might have fired the 1st shot out of excitement, and caused the British to fire at the Americans |
1775, American led by Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold tried but failed to seize Quebec in the winter, this convinced them that Canadians were loyal to the Britiain |
The Stamp Act
1765, came 2 yrs later the 7 yrs war ended, made Americans made pay a small tax, one of the law that infuriated the Americans again |
the tax was in a form of a stamp that ppl had to buy and stick on everything (a deck of cards) |
money from this was suppose to pay the costs of defending the Americans |
enraged the Americans, they were taxed without their consent and they had no representatives in the British Parliament |
crowd protested and officers were poorly attacked, many politicians and English ppl stood with the Americans |
the act = disaster, taken back in 1766 |
British still wanted to make $ so they brought new taxes on tea and other goods, Americans protested again and taxes were taken back agin except for taxes on tea |
reaction - representatives from 9of the 13 states meet to protest by rejecting British's goods |
effect - repeal of act but was replaced with the Revenue Act which offered lower taxes at lower rates |
Boston Massacre
1770, nervous British soldiers misunderstood an order and fired into a crowd of Boston protesters , killed several ppl, hurt the British cause |
Sons of Liberty & Boston Tea Party
1773, 50 of them dressed as Mohawks threw tea into the harbour to protest the new Tea Act = Boston Tea Party |
George Washington
was the colonial leader of Americans, eventually became the 1st president) |
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The Declaration of Independence
some of the most famous and important ppl in the colonies like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams agreed/decided to draft a statement that would declare their independence from Brtiain |
document was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 |
an important statement of principles of democracy and freedom |
didn't end the revolutionary war, it in fact caused King George and the British government to enlarge the British army and navy, and the war continued for another 7 yrs |
but French joined the Americans, the balance swung in favour of the Americans |
1781, British lost a whole army at the battle of Yorktown |
result = colonists who began to protest taxes on tea, sugar, and paper, won a revolution and created the new USA |
The Loyalists
ppl strongly in favour of the British rule |
after the revolution between the Loyalist and Patriots ended, L felt forced to leave their homes and many came to Canada |
almost 8000 went to the Maritime colonies, which resulted in the formation of a new colony, New Brunswick, 1784 |
arrival of so many english-speaking colonists made the Canadians very uncomfortable since the loyalists were against the French and didn't want to adjust to the French traditions |
so they demanded their own government in the west, Quebec split into 2 colonies, lower C to east and upper c to west |
Patriots
a supporter of the American Revolution |
Elements = American Colonists More Independent
nature of expats emigrating |
development of local colonies |
irresponsibility of Britain in terms of involvement in the colonies' affairs |
mercantilist nature of Britain |
great distance from Britain |
Disagreement for the American Colonists
system of government |
restrictions on westward expansion, trade and industry |
system of taxation - taxation to cover colonial expenses and later on the costs of troops needed to combat natives |
Navigation Act - 1663
cause - protect the english trade, all good must land in England first |
reaction - American colonist transferring goods out of the country illegally |
effect - British restrictions on commerce |
Sugar Act - 1765
cause - taxes put on sugar and molasses that came from West Indies |
reaction - more goods moved in or out of the country illegally |
effect - repeal of sugar act |
Intolerable Act - 1774
was led to by the Boston Tea party |
cause - closed the port of Boston, forbidding the Massachusetts Assembly, forced the military rule |
reaction - colonies united against the British |
effect - close to revolution |
Reactions to Quebec Act
English Quebec Council Member - positive, reasons: act will secure loyalty to French, goodwill of British government must be demonstrated |
Massacdusettes Assembly Member - negative, separated Britain from 13 colonies, denies 13 colonies' access to Ohio Valley |
English Quebec Merchant - positive & negative, fur trade will expansion will help them to make more money, english in quebec will less right, did not like catholics holding public office in the British colony |
Seigneur - positive, restores the status of a seigneur, collect dues from habitants, presents the French identity & tradition |
Roman Catholic Clergyman - french culture will be protected, positive, have the right to tithe (collecting 1/10 of an individual's earning as a tax to the church) |
Habitant - negative, doesn't gain anything but still have to pay taxes to seigneur, forced to support the church |
ORIGINS Video
4 challenges British considered upon ruling the New France = language, religion, Canadian Legal system, inheritance & property rights |
1760, habitants = majority of population of Canada, a small group was involved w/ the fur trade |
few Americans colonists were interested in Canada b/c it was too cold and foreign |
Guy Carleton - 1st British governor of Canada |
British had 13 colonial possessions after the Peace of Paris but had to keep peace between 3 groups of inhabitants = Anglo-Americans, Indians, and the French-Canadians |
10,000 redcoats in Canada at that time |
Benjamin Franklin associated with the French for assistance in the War of Independence |
1783, the peace settlement favoured the Americans since British North America was separated from USA and they received Ohio Valley and half of the Great Lake Regions |
2 new problems Loyalists brought to British NA = region & land ownership system |
natural dividing line between 2 Canada = St.Lawrence & Ottawa River |
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Northwest Passage
a sea through Canada's Arctic, along the northern coast of North America, a western sea route between Europe & Asia |
Jacques Cartier
asked by France king to look for the Northwest Passage |
sighted Labrador & Newfoundland after sailing 20 days from Saint Malo |
claimed Gaspe Peninsula for France |
kidnapped Taignoagny and Domagaya, sons of Donnacona (Iroquois leader) |
next year, C returned to explore the St.Lawrence, relied of the sons for guides |
arrived at the community of Stadacona, near Quebec city at last |
Hochelaga
1535, an Indigenous village Cartier visited, during his 2nd voyage, now = Québec territory |
scurvy
disease caused by lack of Vitamin C |
1535, spread quickly during the winter when Jacques Cartier's voyage arrived at Stadacona |
Stadacona
Iroquoian village at Québec City, 1535, Cartier arrived here on his second voyage |
Mercantilism
an economic theory that holds a fixed amount of wealth in the world and a nation's profitability depends on its success in collecting wealth by exporting more than imports, and earning profits from its exports |
Treaty of Utrecht
ended Queen Anne's War/ the War of Spanish Succession, but did not end war in North America, boundaries remained unclear, natives ppl were unhappy about Europeans settling in their territories |
gave British territories to Canada & India |
Acadia Exile
1755, when Acadians' home and land was destroyed, departed from their land since they refused to take an oath to the Britian |
although they became part of British Territory in 1713 |
Louisbourg
disadvantges - can be attacked by cannon-fire from a # of surrounding hills, easily approached by boat through nearby coves |
fell to an assault by Englanders in 1745 |
returned to France by 1748 |
1758, captured by General James Wolfe |
Seven Year' War
1756–63, originated in North America |
English defeated the French because they had a powerful navy |
reason: rival between British & French |
Marquis de Montcalm
military commander of New France |
did not get along with Vaudreuil |
General James Wolfe
British army officer, defeated Montcalm |
Plains of Abraham
13 September 1759, Wolfe defeated Montcalm (F) |
being shot 3 times in the first few minutes after the war started, General Wolfe died |
Montcalm was wounded while escaping and died the next morning in Québec |
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