Formulas
f=1/T |
v=fλ |
λ=c/f |
v=λ/T |
constructive p.d (antinode) = nλ |
'loud', 'light band' |
or nλ = |S₁X-S₂X| |
destructive p.d (node) = (n-0.5)λ |
'quiet', 'dark band' |
or (n-0.5)λ = |S₁X-S₂X| |
one free end, one fixed (odd): |
λ=4L/n, f=nv/4L |
fixed ends: |
λ=2L/n, f=nv/2L |
fringe spacing: |
∆x=λL/d |
bigger Δx gives more refraction, more spread out |
Δx=fringe spacing (m), λ=wavelength (m), L=distance from slits to screen (m), d=slit separation (m) |
refraction & reflection: |
n=c/v |
where; n=speed of light in a vacuum/ speed of light medium |
n₁v₁=n₂v₂ |
diffraction∝λ/w |
n₁sin(θ₁)=n₂sin(θ₂) |
energy∝frequency |
n₁sin(θ₁)=n₂ |
Young's double slit experiment
Young’s double slit experiment shows light exhibiting the wave properties of diffraction and interference. |
Light can be polarised, observed as white light diffracts and colours are seen as a result. As only transverse waves can be polarised, the wave model of light is proven. |
Snell's Law
n₁=refractive index of first medium
θ₁=angle to the normal in first medium
n₂=refractive index of second medium
θ₂=angle to the normal in second medium
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Wave types
Transverse waves: particle moves along vertical axis |
Longitudinal waves: particle moves along horizontal axis |
Coherent waves: waves with the same frequency |
Mechanical (sound, air, water) waves do not exist in a vacuum, they require a medium to travel through |
Electromagnetic (light) waves can exist in a vacuum, do not require a medium |
Travelling wave: a wave for which the crests and troughs travel in the direction of wave propagation. |
Standing Waves: when 2 wave trains with the same amplitude and wavelength move through each other, the resulting interfering pattern results in a standing wave. Consists of alternating nodes and antinodes that remain in a fixed position, wave appears to be stationary/'standing' |
fundamental frequency: n=1 |
formation of standing waves on a string:
1. waves reflect at both ends of string
2. reflections travel in opposite directions with the same frequency and amplitude
3. fixed ends are nodes, free ends are antinodes
Nodes & Antinodes
Constructive Interference: When waves in the same phase overlap, their amplitudes add together
Destructive Interference: When waves of different phases overlap, their amplitudes cancel
Nodes: Points of complete destructive interference
Antinodes: Points of complete constructive interference, largest amplitude
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Wave resonance
Waves reflect at the end of a string and are inverted if end is fixed |
An object or system will resonate if driven at its natural frequency |
Resonance greatly increases magnitude of oscillation in an object/system |
Doppler effect
Doppler effect is the detected frequency change due to the relative motion between a wave source and detector. |
f increases when source and detector move towards each other |
f decreases when source and detector move away from each other |
Variables
independent: variable that is being changed (x-axis) |
dependent: variable that is being measured (y-axis) |
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