This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Coherence
For better text understanding & clarity |
FLICC |
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Coherence Features |
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Formatting: Headings, subheadings, paragraphs |
Inference: Assumed knowledge |
Consistency: Consistent lexical set/semantic field |
Conventions Of Text Type: Different structure rules |
Cohesion: Contributes to text understandability |
Stylistic Features
Phonological Patterning |
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Alliteration: Repetition of identical initial consonant sounds |
Assonance: Repetition of identical vowel sounds |
Consonance: Repetition of identical consonant sounds anywhere in the word |
Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate a sound |
Rhythm: Contrasting stressed/unstressed syllables in regular intervals |
Rhyme: Repetition of similar sounds in the final syllables |
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Syntactic Patterning |
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Listing: A list of things |
Parallelism: Repetition of the same grammatical format in one/more sentences |
Antithesis: Two opposite ideas put together in a sentence |
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Lexical Choice & Semantic Patterning |
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Simile: Comparison of two things using comparison words |
Metaphor: Comparison of two things that aren't like each other, but has something in common |
Personification: Object/idea represented as a person |
Animation: Metaphor type that gives life/movement to lifeless nouns |
Lexical Ambiguity: When it's difficult to interpret without extra info |
Pun: A joke that exploits the various possible meanings of a word |
Oxymoron: A self-contradicting word/group of words |
Irony: Expression of something that's opposite in its literal meaning |
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Cohesion
Logical idea flow for info clarity |
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Cohesion Features |
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Lexical Choice: Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms |
Information Flow: Clefting, end focus & front focus |
Referencing: Anaphoric & cataphoric referencing |
Deictics: 'Pointing' words under shared context |
Repetition: Lexical, phonological, syntactic & semantic patterning |
Substitution: Replacing whole phrases with simple nouns |
Conjunctions & Adverbials: Directly connects other ideas |
Clefting
Moving a phrase to another position within a sentence |
For drawing focus to a specific part of a sentence |
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It-Cleft |
Pseudo-Cleft (Wh- Cleft) |
'It' + 'to be' verb variant |
'Wh-' + ... |
For focus on sentence's front |
For focus on sentence's end |
Voice
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
Agentless Passive |
Gives info directly |
Improves logical connections between sentences |
Removes the subject/agent ('who'/'what') in sentence |
SVO format |
Object + subject |
Similar to passive voice, for avoiding blame |
Formal Social Purposes
Maintain and challenge positive & negative face needs |
Reinforce social distance & authority |
Establish expertise |
Promote social harmony |
Negotiate social taboos |
Build rapport |
Clarify, manipulate or confuse |
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Nominalisation
Replaces 'actions' (verbs) into 'things (nouns) |
Used to remove agencies and blaming |
Doesn't always need suffixes |
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Common Nominalisation Suffixes |
-ment |
-tion |
-ity |
-ness |
Collocation
Words constantly seen together in predictable phrases |
Aids with cohesion & coherence for faster processing |
Focus
Front Focus |
End Focus |
Important phrasal element at front of sentence |
Important phrasal element at back of sentence |
Compares/contrasts what's already been stated |
For suspense and drama |
Marked Theme
Syntactic choice where subject isn't at start of sentence |
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3 Ways To Implement A Marked Theme |
Passive voice |
Beginning with a subordinate clause |
Beginning with an adverbial |
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Marked Theme Effects |
Highlighted/emphasised info in front |
Reader's perception of rest of sentence is affected |
Doublespeak
Language that deliberately distorts/reverses the truth |
Often uses euphemisms |
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'Good' Doublespeak |
'Bad Doublespeak |
Makes things sound nicer |
Conceals/hides/manipulates |
For politeness |
For the public to accept atrocities |
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