0000000 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by anniemeow

- Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds which have different propertied from their component elements.
- Mixtures contain more than one element and/or compound that are not chemically bonded together and so retain their individual proper­ties.
- Mixtures are either homoge­neous or hetero­gen­eous.

States of Matter:
- There are 3 (excluding plasma) states of matter:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas

Temper­ature:
- The SI unit for temper­ature is kelvin (K)
temper­ature (K) = temper­ature (Celcius) + 273.15

Ions:
An ion is a charged species. Anions are negatively charged and cations are positively charged.
- you can remember this by rememb­ering "­CATions are PAWSit­ive­"

The Atom Economy:
The Atom Economy looks at the level of efficiency of chemical reactions by comparing the molecular mass of atoms in the reactants with the molecular mass of useful compounds.

percentage of atom economy = molecular mass of atoms of useful produc­ts/­mol­ecular mass of atoms in reactants x 100%

States of Matter:
- There are 3 (excluding plasma) states of matter:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas

Temper­ature:
- The SI unit for temper­ature is kelvin (K)
temper­ature (K) = temper­ature (Celcius) + 273.15

Ions:
An ion is a charged species. Anions are negatively charged and cations are positively charged.
- you can remember this by rememb­ering "­CATions are PAWSit­ive­"

The Atom Economy:
The Atom Economy looks at the level of efficiency of chemical reactions by comparing the molecular mass of atoms in the reactants with the molecular mass of useful compounds.

percentage of atom economy = molecular mass of atoms of useful produc­ts/­mol­ecular mass of atoms in reactants x 100%

States of Matter:
- There are 3 (excluding plasma) states of matter:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas

Temper­ature:
- The SI unit for temper­ature is kelvin (K)
temper­ature (K) = temper­ature (Celcius) + 273.15

Ions:
An ion is a charged species. Anions are negatively charged and cations are positively charged.
- you can remember this by rememb­ering "­CATions are PAWSit­ive­"

The Atom Economy:
The Atom Economy looks at the level of efficiency of chemical reactions by comparing the molecular mass of atoms in the reactants with the molecular mass of useful compounds.

percentage of atom economy = molecular mass of atoms of useful produc­ts/­mol­ecular mass of atoms in reactants x 100%

Relative Atomic Mass, Relative Formula Mass, and Molar Mass
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different numbers of neutrons.
- relative abundance of each isotope is a measure of the percentage that occurs in a sample of the element.
- Relative Atomic Mass a weighted average of the atomic masses of its isotopes.
- Relative Molecular Mass (Relative Formula Mass) combining the Relative Atomic Mass values of the individual atoms or ions
- Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of substance
- A mole (Avoga­dro's constant, L) is 6.02x10^23

Mole Calcul­ations
no. of particles x L = moles
moles x molar mass = mass (g)

Experi­mental Empirical and Molecular Formula Determ­ination
- Qualit­ative analysis: what elements are present within the substance, and what is the purity of the substance
- Quanti­tative Analysis: what is the relative mass, and what is the exact compos­ition
- Empirical Formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms or amount of each element present in a compound.
- Molecular Formula the actual number of atoms or amount of each element present in a compound.

The Limiting Reagent
- the Liniting Reagent is the reactant that will be completely consumed during the reaction (it is usually the more expensive one)

Theore­tical and Experi­mental Yields
- the theore­tical yield is the expected amount of products which is theore­tically possible if the reaction is done under ideal condit­ions.
- the experi­mental yield is the actual amount of product produced during experi­men­tation.
- percentage yield=exper­imental yield/­the­ore­tical yield
The Limiting Reagent
- the Liniting Reagent is the reactant that will be completely consumed during the reaction (it is usually the more expensive one)

Avogadro's Law and the Molar Volume of Gases
The Kinetic Theory of Gases:
1. Gases are made up of very small particles, separated by large distances. Most of the volume occupied by a gas is empty space.
2. Gaseous particles are constantly moving in straight lines, but random directions
3. Gaseous particles undergo elastic collisions with eachother and the walls of the container. No loss of kinetic energy occurs
4. Gaseous particles exert no force of attraction on other gases.

Under conditions of Standard Temper­ature and Pressure (STP) an ideal gas obeys the four postulates stated above.
- The molar volume of any gas is identical at a given temper­ature and pressure.

The Gas Laws
- Pressure is inversely propor­tional to 1/volume
- pressure 1 x volume 1 = pressure 2 x volume 2
- volume 1/temp­erature 1 = volume 2/temp­erature 2

pV = nRT
pressure x volume = number of moles x ideal gas constant x temper­ature

Concen­tration
- Solution is a homoge­neous mixture of a solute that has been dissolved in a solvent.
- concen­tration = no. of moles/­volume