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Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture, cheat sheet covering monumental architecture including temples and palaces.
Egypt - Temples
Overview |
- Temple = fulfilling the role of house. Entrance into the divine world, allows gods to be provided for in their spiritual form. Duty of king to maintain temples.
- Two types of temples: cult and mortuary temples. |
Old Kingdom
(2686-2125 BCE) |
- Early temples as arenas for royal display rather than places of worship?
- Abu Ghurab - Central obelisk, alabaster altar |
New Kingdom
(1550-1069 BCE) |
- Abu Simbel - Temple dedicated to Amon-Re during reign of Ramses II, existence of temple very much for the purpose of glorifying the king. Symbolism in the architecture targeted at elite members of society - statue over entrance that spells out Ramses' name + scenes inside the temple representing the king smiting enemies. 4 monumental statues of Ramses in the front. |
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Mesopotamia - Temples
Uruk
(4th millennium BCE) |
- Pre-mud brick - reed altars with naval processions.
- Eanna complex:
Different construction stages illustrating the development of architecture from 4th to 3rd millennium.
Tripartite floorplan.
Square building = latest addition to Eanna, break in homogeneity of structure - political statement, new traditions.
Eanna as public building? Central + visible. Or as demonstration of power. |
Early Dynastic
(2900-2334 BCE) |
- Rectangular + multi-levelled structure on top of mound. --> bottom level = similar structure to Babylonian house + very restricted access.
- Marduk temple - biblical tower of Babel. |
Ur III
(2112-2004 BCE) |
- Ziggurats.
- Low homogeneity in design, continuity in building program, but no standardisation of architecture.
Used for cultic activity, storage, court and administration. Walled off and separated from everyday life.
Gipparu-House - temple of high-priestess + used as storage room. |
Neo-Assyrian
(934-612 BCE) |
- Oblong shape with court for worshippers where deity could be found
- Deity = master of house, but shielded from view so could not be seen without entering the temple. |
Mesopotamia - Settlements in Sumer and Akkad
Ubaid period
c.3100-1500 BCE |
Small sites, with the additional emergence of larger ones e.g. Eridu and Ur. |
Uruk period
c.4000-3100 BCE |
Urbanisation in Uruk through migration from surrounding regions and sedentisation of local pastoral nomadic groups. |
Jemdet Nasr + Early Dynastic I period
c. 3000-2600 BCE |
Expansion of urbanism. --> abandonment of countryside (coerced or not). |
Early Dynastic II-III - Ur III
c. 2600-2100 BCE |
Standardisation + spread of cuneiform and political unification. Each city = house of a god. e.g. Lagash. |
Ur III
c. 2100-1850 BCE |
Followed by political decentralisation in the Isin-Larsa period. End of 3rd millennium = first irrigation systems. |
Old Babylonian period
c. 1850-1500 BCE |
Political reunification under Hammurabi. Growth of existing cities e.g. Nippur and Ur. |
Issues with settlement surveys:
Relies on assumption that physical traces are left behind on surface. Therefore tends to miss smaller sites, and requires reliance on textual sources.
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