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Kaufke's French Class Guide Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Quick reference sheet including Kaufke's Rules

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Verb Conjug­ation

être (to be)
  
-er
je suis
nous sommes
e
ons
tu es
vous êtes
es
ez
il/elle/on est
ils/elles sont
e
ent
 
avoir (to have)
  
-ir
j'ai
nous avons
is
issons
tu as
vous avez
is
issez
il/elle/on a
ils/elles ont
it
issent
 
passé composé
  
-re
-er
é
s
ons
-ir
i
s
ez
-re
u
-/t
ent

personal pronouns

subj
reflex
DO
je
me
me
tu
te
te
il/elle/on
se
le/la/l'
nous
nous
nous
vous
vous
vous
ils/elles
se
les
_
_
en
IO
stress
posses.
me
moi
mien(ne)
te
toi
tien(ne)
lui
lui/elle
sien(ne)
nous
nous
nôtre(s)
vous
vous
vôtre(s)
leur
eux/elles
leur(s)
y
y is only for places or things
  

Kaufke's Rules

ne and pas go around the conjugated verb
subject pronoun goes behind the cv when inverting
passé composé with être: agreement is between subject and past participle
pronouns come closest to the verb
direct object pronoun goes in front of verb carrying meaning
passé composé with avoir: agreement is between direct object and past participle only when DO precedes PP
pronouns go in order from which is closest to verb except when both begin with "­l", then alphab­etical order