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geological processes Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Earth processes that shape the earth

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

spheres of the earth

Hydros­phere
made up of water
rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, ground­warer, polar ice caps, glaciers, water vapor, clouds, and precip­itation
Biosphere
made up of all living organisms
plants, animals, bacteria, fungi
Geosphere
ground composed of all rocks and minerals
mountains, contin­ents, ocean floor, sad, bedrocks and earth's interior layers
Atmosphere
body of gas that envelops earth
carbon dioxide and gaseous elements

Layers of earth

Crust
outermost and thinnest layer of Earth there are two types: contin­ental (less dense) and oceanic (dense)
 
ᜊ listos­phere: crust and upper mantle
 
ᜊ asthen­osphere: below the lithos­phere is the asthen­osphere layer, a much hotter and malleable portion of the upper mantle.
 
Mantle
Middle layer, the crust is thicker and denser because of aluminum and magnesium
 
Core
Center of the earth
 
outer core: liquid (melted) nickel and iron because of high temper­ature
 
inner core: higher temper­ature and is in solid form because of the atomic pressure

Geological Processes

Hydrom­ete­oro­logical Hazard
A process or phenomenon of atmosp­heric, hydrol­ogical or oceano­graphic nature
 
Typhoon Thunde­rstorm Flood Storm Surge El Niño La Niña Rainfa­ll-­induced landslide Tornado
Typhoon (pacific and Indian Ocean, Hurricane for Atlantic Ocean.
Are intense circul­ating winds with heavy rain over tropical waters and land
tropical cyclones (bagyo)
wind systems circul­ating around a low-pr­essure area (warm water)
 
Tropica:l depres­sio­nspeed up to 61 kph
Eye of the storm
A region of most calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclone
Monsoon
seasonal wind patter
 
amihan­:cl­oudless skies and cold mornings
 
habagat: brings heavy rain
Flood
hazard brought by heavy rains where theres a progre­ssive rise in water level
Tornado
is a narrow, violently rotating column of air
Thunde­rstorms
charac­terized by strong winds, heavy rains, lighting and thunder
 
- formed when wam air mass if forced to move upeard by cold air mass
Storm Surge
- rise of normal sea level cause by winds that are directed toward the shore
 
not a Tsunami
El Nino
It refers to the large-­scale warming of the ocean and atmosphere across the central and east-c­entral Equatorial Pacific.
La Nina
begins in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, much similar to the location of El Nino. The sea surface temper­atures during this period become lower by 3-5 degree Celsius. Cyclones formed during this time shift westward going to the direction of china.

Thunde­rstorm Hazards

1. heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding.
2. lightning that can electr­ocute humans and livestock and damage electrical facili­ties.
3. air turbulence which can displace or disorient a flying aircraft.
4. fire that can burn building and vegeta­tion.

Flood Hazards

1. disruption of commercial and industrial operations leading to loss of income
2. stand-­still traffic causing paralysis in network transp­ort­ation and commun­ication
3. displa­cement of affected homes and families
3. displa­cement of affected homes and families
5. waterborne diseases such as leptos­pirosis and typhoid fever.
 

Geological Processes

exogenic process
occuring on the surface of the earth, respon­sible for transf­orming rocks
weathering
breaking down of rocks
*physi­cal­/me­cha­nical weathe­ring8
can be done mechan­ically or chemic­ally, theres no change in chemical compos­ition
chemical weathering
the breakdown of rocks by chemical mechanisms
-Examples:
Hydration: minerals dissolving when coming into contact with water
 
Carbon­ization: reaction between rocks and carbonic acid
 
Oxidation: causes rock to become fragile
Differ­ential Weathering
- landscape shaping
 
Examples: Fall, slides, flow
Erosion
The conponents of soil pile up and are physically removed from their place.
 
☆ Agents: the materials are trasported to different locations through moving water, wind, gravity, and animals
endogenic process
takes place within the earth resposible for the changes of the surface of the earth
internal heat
source of energy of endogenic processes
Geological Processes
physical processes which create and modify landforms on the surface of the Earth
Mass Wasting
the downslope movement of rocks & soil under the influence of gravity

Marine and Coastal Processes and Hazards

Atmosp­heric factors affecting coastal erosion
Climate change and gravity
Human factors
Pollution, and sand and gravel extraction which can increase the strength of the waves
Coast
part of the land near the sea
 
contains some of the world's sensitive and threat­edned ecosystems
Coastal Processes
waves, tides, sea leve, change, crustal movement
 
- they could pose threat to life but shape the physical enviro­nment, providing habitat such as turtle or seabird nesting beaches, reefs, and mangrove forests or seagrass beds.

Coastal Hazards

Coastal Erosion: displa­cement of land along the coastline
Submer­sion: movement of coastal sediments from the vidsible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore region of the coast
Saltwater Intrusion: Is the movement of saltwater to freshwater
 

endogenic

Endogenic Processes
caused by radioa­ctive decay from the Earth's core and the redist­rib­ution of materials in the Earth's interior
 
effect is formation of landforms
tensional stress:
occurs when a rocks is pulled causing it to be stretched in a divergent boundary
shearing stress:
occurs when the forces that push the rocks and faults in opposite directions
compre­ssi­onal:
occurs when a rock is squeezed until it folds or breaks in convergent boundary
Foldin­g/folds
wavelike plastic deform­ation that result to compre­ssional stresses
Anticlines (upwar­ping)
forms mountains & hills
Synclines (downw­arping)
forms valleys and trenches
Monocline
gradual bending

Types of Stress

Normal Fault
faulting where the hanging wall goes down
Reverse Fault
faulting where the hanging wall goes up
Strike­-Slip Fault
faulting caused by a shearing force
 
foot wall is longer, hanging wall is shorter
Convergent Plate Boundary
where 2 plates move towards each other and destroys the crust
Divergent Plate Boundary
where 2 plates move away from each other and usually occurs on ocean ridges
Transform Plate Boundary
where plates slide horizo­ntally past one another which produces zigzag plate margins & shallow earthq­uakes

3 Types of Rocks

Sedime­ntary rocks
are formed from layers of sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons.
Igneous rocks
are formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth.
Metamo­rphic rocks
formed from other rocks that are changed by heat and pressure underg­round.

Terms

Sea floor spreading
seafloor slowly spreads & moves sideways away from the mid ocean ridge
Convection Current
hot magma is forced upward to the litosp­here. As it reaches its destin­ation, the litosphere moves horizo­ntally carrying the plates with it. As it cools, the magma becomes denser and sinks in the mantle, overlying the crust with it.
 
he concept where hot air rises, cool air sinks