Radiographs - Techniques and Normal Anatomy Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by aglevines

Nasopa­latine or incisive foramen

interm­axi­llary suture

anterior nasal spine

nasal fossa (cavity)

greater palatine foramen

zygomatic process of maxilla

zygomatic bone

zygomatic arch

temporal bone

maxillary tuberosity

pterygoid hamulus

maxillary sinus

"­inv­erted y"

maxillary sinus septa

nasola­crimal duct

posterior superior alveolar canal (PSAC)

nutrient canals

lip line

nose

nasolabial fold

torus palatinus

PDL

lamina dura

alveolar crest

panoramic radiograph
focal spot
magnif­ication
distortion
x-rays travel in....	straight lines
x-rays diverge over...	distance
2 rules of magnif­ication	1.
negative beam angulation
center of rotation
image formation
2 focal spots
horizontal dimension focal spot	center of rotation
vertical dimension focal spot	anode (target) of x-ray tube
2 aspects of panoramic projection	horizontal aspect and vertical aspect
horizontal aspect	affected by beam rotation
vertical aspect	NOT affected by beam rotation
speed of image receptor	forsho­rtens the image
image layer (focal trough)
central plane of the image layer
types of image receptors (3)
moving the center of rotation
unshar­pness
image layer form
magnif­ication varies more in the...	anterior
distortion based on position
how to minimize distortion and unshar­pness in a pan	patient positi­oning
common errors in pans
pt too far forward
pt too far back
pt rotate­d/t­urned
pt chin too low
pt chin too high
tongue not against palate
pt movement
pt slumped
pt tilted
advantages of pans
disadv­antages of pans

mental ridges

external oblique ridge

mylohyoid line

internal oblique ridge

genial tubercles

lingual foramen

mental foramen

inferior alveolar canal

mandibular foramen

inferior border of mandible

inferior cortical border

mental fossa

subman­dibular gland fossa

nutrient canals

alveolar bone crest

intera­lveolar septum

nasal turbinates and meati

zygomatic bone and arch

maxillary sinuses

palate

mandibular foramen

mandibular canal

nose

hard palate

soft palate

maxillary torus

vertebral column

hyoid bone

epiglottis

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