Wired Connections Types
Dedicated Leased Lines |
direct connection point to point |
Circuit-Switched |
using data through dial phone connection (ISDN) |
Packet-Switched |
idem but multiple users using the same line. |
Connections |
Copper |
UTP, STP : Dial-up, ISDN, E1, T1 |
| |
Coax : Cable modem |
Fiber |
Electricity |
Broadand over Power Lines (BPL) |
Wireless Connections
Cellular |
3G |
144Kbps-2Mbps | HSPA(+) |
4G |
100Mbps-1Gbps | LTE, LTE-A |
| |
Low-band | 30-250Mbps (long range) |
5G |
Mid-band | 100-900Mbps (mid range) |
| |
High-band | +Gbps (short range) |
GSM technology |
widely used - converts voice into data |
CDMA technology |
USA - encryption system |
Microwave |
UHF, SHF, EHF |
Ultra, Super, Extreme High Frequencies |
| |
point-to-point connection, fast (1Gbps) but direct line of sight. max 40NM |
| |
WiMAX, antenna on top of buildings |
Satellite |
over-the-world coverage |
| |
slow, expensive, high latency |
ex: starlink |
low orbit -> latency down to 35ms |
HF radios |
for text only, <10Kbps |
|
|
WAN Technologies
Dedicated Leased Lines |
E1-E3 (Europe), T1-T4 : use CSU/DSU |
Metro Ethernet |
use ethernet protocols on fiber cabling |
PPP |
Point-to-Point |
PAP |
Password Athentication Protocol | password sent in clear! |
CHAP |
Challenge-Handshake Athentication Protocol |
MS-CHAP |
both sent hached credentials, security+ |
PPPoE |
encapsulates PPP frames inside Ethernet frames |
DSL |
ADSL | 5.5km |
Dwn: 8Mbps, Up:1.5Mbps |
SDSL | 3.3km |
Dwn & Up : 1.17Mbps |
VDSL | 1.3km |
Dwn : 52Mbps, Up:12Mbps |
Cable Modems |
use HFC (Hybrid Fiber-Coax) TV infrastructure |
protocol |
DOCSIS |
Satellite Modem |
limited, expensive, wx sensitive, echo |
POTS |
analog connection, PSTN |
ISDN |
carry voice, video or data over B/D channels |
Frame Relay (FR) |
use virtual circuits (VC) |
SONET |
20-250km, til 10Gbits, FDDI (fiber) |
ATM |
cell-based of fixed 53bytes, use VC |
MPLS |
used by service providers on backbone |
DMVPN |
use VPN tunnel to secure WAN connections |
Connection speed order |
FR, T1, E1, T3, E3, ATM, SONET |
mGRE |
multipoint generic routing encapsulation |
|
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