History exam 1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by adub54

→ a new (and genuine) global­ization
-1450/­1500- 1750/1800→ period of the first global­ization
(Early Modern Era)

*CC’s accidental discovery→ world-­cha­nging conseq­uences

-Columbian exchange refers to the transfer of people­,pl­ant­s,a­nimals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
Plants
OW→ NW
-Wheat, Grapes­,Ba­rley, Rice, Oranges, Waterm­elo­n,B­ananas, Sugarc­ane­,Co­ffe­e,O­ats,Rye

NW→ OW
-Tobacco, Maize (Corn), Beans,­Chili Pepper­s,C­ocoa, Peanuts, Tomatoes, White/­Sweet Potatoes, Pumpkins
Animals
OW→ NW
-Horses, Cows,P­igs­,Ch­ick­en,­She­ep,­Goats

NW→ OW
Turkey

*Atlantic Slave trade→ Middle Passage→ 1450-1867
Repres­ented the second side of a larger triangular trade
1st side-c­ons­isted of transport of European and Asian goods to the west-c­entral coast of Africa
At the European trading posts,­called “facto­rie­s,E­uropean factors exchanged Europe­an/­Asian goods for captive Africans
3rd side completed when European slavers exchanged their human cargoes for the New World raw materials, which were sold throughout the Old World.  
→ 1450-1867
→ 18th C.= high point, more captive Africans crossed the Atlantic than during all the other centuries of the A.S.T combined.

10 billion captive Africans imported by the Americas

12.4 million captive Africans exported from the African continent.

-What region of the Americans imported the most captive Africans?
Subtro­pic­al/­tro­pical areas

sugarc­ane­(“white gold”)
80% of fueled the captive Africa's A.S.T ended up on sugarcane planta­tions.

→ the Mongol Moment→ the great Mongol empire (13th + 14th c’s) How deadly?       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­Pop­ula­tions plummeted by
In china       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­    33 %         


In Europe       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  3­0-60%       ­   ­   ­   ­     

Temujin 1206      → Genghis Khan
The campaign conquest beginning in 1209
→ the conseq­uences of 50 yrs of Eurasian World War

PAX Mongolica → brought a smaller, more interc­onn­ected world
→ Mongol rulers intent­ionally protected and promoted long-d­istance exchanges
HOW? - to facilitate long-d­istance commun­ica­tion: → created transc­ont­inental postal system
Consisted of 10,000 postal relay stations & 300,000 horses
guarded trade routes   <--    -to facilitate long-d­istance commer­cia­l/c­ultural exchanges: -issued passports
Smaller, more interc­onn­ected Eurasian world  <--  Marco Polo
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  1­275­-1292= resided in East Asia, China=  the      jewel of the Mongol Empire
1275- The travels of Marco Polo--       ­ -s­erved the Great Khan, Khubilai Khan, as a diplomat
( ca. 1300)
1275- wrote about mighty Mongol Warriors and a magnif­icent chinese empire
Pox Mongolica
/       ­   ­   ­      /       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­     /
Bubonic     Black Death    Great Morality- germs could/did travel the same routes as humans
Plague       
…………..14th century
-Great Mongol Empire transf­ormed a regional epidemic into a transc­ont­inental pandemic
Black Death
Originated in SW China in the 1320s, reached W Europe by the late 1340s
transm­ission/ spread
Rats - carriers of the plague bacteria       - the wagon trains of invading Mongol rulers also       ­   ­  c­ont­ributed to the westward spread of the Bubonic Plague
      /
  fleas
     /
      ­   ­ Humans

Black Death
         /

* Cortes and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
*1519-­1521→ Cortes and a private army of 600 men initiated a conqui­stador mission against a vast and populous Aztec Empire.  Numbered in the millions- tenoch­titlan= 200-3,000 inhabi­tants
*the “hows”  
→ Spanish military technology → steel weaponry vs. stone/­modern weapons
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­gun­powder weapon­ry,­mus­ket­s,c­ann­ons­,horses  Sword­s,p­ike­s,c­ros­sbows       ­ ax­es,­swords, clubs
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  A­ttack dogs PHYSICALLY TERRIFYING
-the Spanish method of warfare→ steel-clad Spanish conqui­stadors vs. Aztec warriors who wore quilte­d-c­otton costumes that summoned animal spirits
Spanish fought to kill, more practi­cal­/Aztec fought to capture more ceremonial

-the Native American allies of the spanish→ subjugated people’s non- Aztec people­’s-­pro­vided crucial military support
25,000­-50,000
Native interp­reters cultural interm­ediance allowed Cortes to navigate a foreign terrain and enter into much-n­eeded alliance → Malinc­he/Dona Marina, initially Corte’s concubine birthed him a son ( Martin) Mestizo

-the germs of the Spanish→ invisible alien microbes which bred highly contagious diseases, signif­icantly weakened Aztec resist­ance.
-outbreak of smallpox in 1521 reduced Tenoch­titlan popula­tions by half. → Finally allowing Cortes and his men to fully vanquish the Aztec Empire.  

How many people’s inhabited the Americas before 1492? → demogr­aphic catast­rop­he/­pop­ulation collapse → Great Dying after only a century of contact Amerindian population drasti­cally declined 75 -90 %
-European→ 70 to 90 million
-African→ 50 to 70 million
-American→ 50 million
Amerin­dians lacked immunities to Old World diseases

*the East Asian world
1368 Zhu Yuanzhang→ founder of the Ming dynastic empire in China.
      ­   ­   ­    /
      ­   ­   ­ 1644- under his leader­ship, China peasant rebel ousted the Mongol Khan from East Asia
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­      “ Red Turbans”
First captured Nanjing       ­later captured Beijing
Early Modern era ( 1450/1500- 1750/1800)
Period of the first global­ization
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­Sought to create a vast military power
Zhu Yuanzhang→ “ Hongwu” Emperor
→ he and other early Ming rulers sought to make China externally secure, internally stable
Constr­uction of defensive fortif­ica­tions
Nanjing great wall       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  Great wall of China
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­     24       ­   ­   ­  < ------- Miles long--­---­---­---­---­---­---­--->       ­ 4,000
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­     40       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   < --Feet in height→       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   25
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­     25       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   < --Feet wide at the top→       ­   ­   ­   ­     20
15th/16th centur­ies-- Ming China is mightiest and wealthiest global empire.

why/how?

Military terms→ possessed a 1-mill­ion-man army,e­quipped with cannons and gunpowder grades
Commercial terms-­--> produced highly valuable and sought after trading, guns,s­ilks, cotton , iron/c­opper tools,
Human resources→ China possessed an exploding population

1390→  10/80 millions

During the 16th Cen.. → 150 Million

Middle of the 17th Cen.. 250 million
Contained densely populated areas
Metrop­olitan popula­tions of 1 million more

Imperial splender
Emperor Yongle relocated the Chinese capital to Beijing.
He rebuilt the imperial compound of the Mongol Khans.
Some 1 million laborers, 100,000 artisans helped to renovate the new Ming capital. / consisted of 3 separate walled, enclosures
-innermost = forbidden City
Ming means bright and brilliant

By 1498, Vasco da Gama accomp­lished what Henry the Navigator had envisioned since the early 1400s→  the discovery of the altern­ative sea lane to Asia; direct Portugese access to the trading goods/­markets of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea → The Portuguese would assemble an extensive seaborne, hot necess­arily built for coloni­zation, but for commerce.

Portug­uese- sponsored voyages
→ opened up a known world to European
Spanis­h-f­unded conditions
→ opened up a new world to European
Bartolomeu Dias, in 1489, informed his monarch that the naviga­tional was within reach→ Dias
reache­d/p­art­ially rounded the southern tip of Africa

Christ­opher Columbus→ Enterprise of the Indies
His plan revolved about a Westwards sea lane from Western Europe to East Asia
Frequently emt with rejection:
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­      - King Joao II (Portugal)       ­   ­   ­   ­      - Mercha­nts­/ba­nking commun­ities in italy
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­-King Henry VII (England)       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  -­Fer­dinand and Isabella (Spain)
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­      - King Louis XI ( France)
Why did CC struggle to find a sponsor?
→ CC’s geogra­phical/ nautical miscal­cul­ations
-he undere­sti­mated the length of the globe and the Atlantic Ocean miles separating the for ends of Eurasia

Actual globe  vs     cc’s globe       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  a­ctual A.O. Miles       ­   ­ C.C.’s estimate
-25,000 miles       ­   ­ -1­8,750 miles       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­ -1­0-1­2,000       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­ -about 3,000 miles

Why did the Spanish monarch ultimately back CC’s enterp­rise?
→ material and spiritual consid­era­tions
An important event preceded and arguably made possible CC’s voyage→ completion of the Reconq­uista in Spain→ Christian military and religious campaign  to oust Muslim rulers from their positions of power in Iberia.

Reconq­uista ended, in Spain, in 1492
-final battle of Conquest→ Granada
-early 1492→ Christian armies besieg­ed,­ass­aulted, then took control of the final Islamic/ Moorish stronghold in Spain.       ­     
CC’s appeal- direct Spanish access to Asian markets would enrich Ferdinand and Isabella, allowing them:
-to pay off Reconq­uista debts
-to extend the Reconq­uista to Jerusalem  

    The Eurasian World before the Early Modern Era Part 1

*Euras­ia-­--> vast landmass “world island”
/       ­    /
Inner  outer- consists of 6 unitsS. Asia SW Asia SE Asia E. Asia EuropeMedite­rranean basin
/
Ecological charac­ter­istics
---> drier → limited rainfall→ farming histor­ically difficult
---> flatter → greater extremes of temper­atures → harsh winters/ hot summers
---> more northerly in location → colder/ longer winters→ less sunlight, shorter growing seasons

Dryness--
Flatness --       ­settled agricu­ltural developed later throughout Eurasia-- Dense Urban popula­tions
Northern--       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­dev­eloped inner Eurasia
Latitudes --

Three the of the largest land-based empires in Inner Eurasia
Mongolian  Empire       ­   ­   ­-Ru­ssian Empire       ­   ­     - Soviet Union
      ­(em­erged in the 15th century)   (took shape after 1500)    (em­erged after the collapse of the Russian empire)

The Mongols-- who were they?
→ nomadic pastor­alist --> less populous and econom­ically productive than settled agricu­ltural commun­ities
→ members of mobile society, engaged in herding and hunting  

1206→ a massive Mongol tribal assembly elected Temujin as “Genghis Khan”
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­    /
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­ Un­iversal ruler
1209→ Mongol warriors, under Genghis Khan, embarked on a campaign of conquest.

What followed→ 50 years of Eurasia world war
1209---the sons and grandsons of Genghis extended his ---> the work of empire building continued after the 1227 death of Genghis

1492→ Columbus’s accidental discovery establ­ished initial and sustained contact between old & New World people’s.

Lisbon; Portugal’s capital city, during the 1500s, it was one of the foremost cities of Europe, as well as commercial emporium.

Why did Portug­al-with a population of 1 million- lead the European way in maritime explor­ation/ commercial expansion?
*Portu­gal’s internal political situation   HEAD START
-Joao 1 ( John 1) created a centra­lized monarchy earlier than any other European state builder.
- he defeated an invading army from northern Spain, and reduced the power of local nobility

* Portugal’s geogra­phical location
ocean -facing Portugal occupied the SW corner of Europe
Farther away from the center of Ottoman imperial power
*Portu­gal’s religious sense of mission (crusading zeal) by the middle of the 15th century
Of the two principal iberian kingdoms Portugal completed the Reconq­uista first refers to a christian military religious campaign to expel Islamic rulers from iberian.  → the Moors→ North African moderns controlled large parts of the iberian peninsula since the 5th century.
*Portu­guese economic & religious motiva­tions as they sought to uncover an altern­ative sea lane to Asia.
→ bypass the Ottoman merchant middleman and possible hinder the future growth /power of the Ottoman Empire
If the Portuguese emerged as the principal carriers of Asian goods to Europe←
→ spread the word of the Christian God to unbeli­evers.
* Portugal’s royal patronage
Prince Enrique→ “ Henry the Navigator”
(1394-­1460)
→ helped to transform Portugal into a leading European center of naviga­tional traini­ng/­res­earch.
-Sagres naval academy, Portugal’s royal family sponsored ship designers, members, voyages of discover. → carauel- smaller more slender, faster, more maneuv­erable triangular sail allowed
-for the agains­t-t­he-wind naviga­tion.

*1453→ a turnin­g-point year in world history?
-the demise of the centur­ies-old Byzantine empire/ Eastern Roman Empire
*Who were the Ottoman Turks?  → Turkic­-sp­eaking peoples originally from Central Asia, they migrated Westwards during the 9th,10th, and 11th
      ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­    /
Osmanli 1 ( 1259-1326)
-founder of the Ottoman dynasty       ­    → ended up in the northw­estern corner of the Anatalia Peninsula    
-his reign marked the beginning of the 250 years of Ottoman imperial expans­ionism.

Mehmed II → r. 1451-1481       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­       
(the conqueror)   

-Ottoman sultans       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­ -Ming emperors       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­  -­Eur­opean Monarchs
-“Shadow of God”       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­      -  “models of heaven”       ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­   ­     - “divine right to rule”

*offer­-wo­rldly justif­ication for the world rule

*Ottom­an-­imp­erial titles
- “Shadows of God
-Podista (persian) also “God's deputy on earth”
“Great king”
-Caliph
“Successor of messenger of God”

Spirit­ual­ly-­cen­tered expans­ionism

How did the Ottoman Turks conquer Consta­nti­nople? → superior number­s-8­0,000 besiegers vs 7,000 City defenders trusted in the city’s defensive walls.
O.T. possessed 3 advantages → superior weaponry( gunpowder techno­logy)
-26 foot long cannons, that could fire stone balls weighing upwards 1,200 pounds
→ superior positi­oning
-by 1453, Consta­nti­nople was all that was remained of a once migrated Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Turks completely surrounded the Byzant­ines.