Chemistry of Life
Nonpolar covalent bonds: electrons shared equally between atoms |
pH scale: between 0 and 14, |
Polar covalent bonds: one atom has greater electronegativity unequal sharing of electrons |
acids: excess of H+ ions pH>7 |
Ionic bonds: chemical bonds from attration between charged ions |
Bases: excess of OH- pH>7 |
Hydrogen bonds: weak bonds berwwen partial + charged hydrogen atom and electronegatice oxygen/nitrogen of another, cause Cohesion(sticking of like molecules), adhesion(sticking of unlike molecules), and transpiration(movement of water molecules in plants) |
Specific heat: amount of heat required to raise or lower temp by 1 degree C |
Respiration/Fermentation
Glycolisis: breakdown two pyruvate(glucuse) into 2 pyruvate + 2 h20, 2 ATP, 2 NADH + 2H+ |
Pyruvate Oxidization: pyruvate turns into CO2, NADH, Acetyl CoA |
Citric Acid/Krebs cycle: starts w/ acetyl CoA turns into 2CO2, 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH |
ETC: pumping of protons to create a gradient which powers chemiosmosis |
Chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis powered by ETC |
Total yield: 30-32 ATP(2 from glycolisis, 2 from citric acid, 26-28 from oxidative phosphorylation) |
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP |
fermentation: expansion of glycolis where ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation, anerobic |
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Macromolecules
Monosaccharide: monomer of carbs |
Lipids:function is energy/protection |
Proteins: polymers made of amino acid monomers, linked by peptide bonds |
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, monomers are nucleotides |
polysaccharides: polymers of carbs |
steroids: four rings fused together |
Primary structure: amino acid sequence |
Made of nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group |
Energy-storing polysaccarides: starch, glycogen |
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Secondary:hydrogen bonding results in alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
Structural polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin |
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tertiary:complex shapes from bonding between R groups |
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QUaternary" two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein |
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The Cell
Ribosomes: protein factories |
Isotonic solution: same amount of solute |
Endoplasmic Reticulum: smooth(sythesis of lipids, package to transport vesicles), meatabolize carbs, detoxify, storage), Rough( sythesize proteins) |
Hypertonic: more solute |
Golgi apparatus(receives, sorts, ships) |
hypotonic: less solute |
Endosymbiont theory: mitochondria and chloroplast from prokaryotic cells, have dna and double membrane |
peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen to oxygen, detoxify |
Energy of Life
Catabolic: release of energy by breakdown of complex to simple |
Anabolic: consume enrgy to make complicated from simple |
Exergonic: energy released |
Endergonic: requires energy |
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