This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
FEATURES OF UNSCRIPTED CONVERSATION
1. opening greetings |
-formulaic to ease participants into conversations
-may be accompanied by body lang/gestures |
2. turn taking |
-conversationalists have to make instant, finely discriminating judgement on when to start turn |
3. adjacency pairs |
-statement and response |
4. holding the floor |
-person speaking holds floor
-determining takeover:
i.naming them
ii. complete their sentence
iii.hesitate
iv. sound & body language
v. voice starts to fall & speaker looks at those who are about to takeover |
5. clashing |
-speaking at the same time |
6. repairing |
-correcting self/using phrases that acknowledge mistakes
-other participant may correct mistake |
7. topic shift |
-done via formulaic expressions |
8. conversation endings |
-formulaic
-make plans to meet again
-body language |
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FEATURES OF UNSCRIPTED CONVERSATION
1. phatic communion |
-ice breakers |
2. adjacency pairs |
mentioned in structure |
3. voiced pauses |
-non-fluency features/fillers used to give time to think or announce start of utterance |
4. voiceless pauses |
-silence/break in conversation |
5. false starts |
-non-fluency features to correct previous statements |
6. repetition |
-for emphasis or to gain thinking time |
7. turn taking |
mentioned in structure |
8. overlaps & interruptions |
-non-fluency feature |
9. hedges/ vague language |
-avoid coming to point or saying things directly
-to soften blow of statement |
10. modality |
-introduces different options and compromises for negotiation |
11. ellipses |
-omission or slurring of syllables |
12. transactional language |
-discourse to get things done with specific purpose |
13. elision |
-meaning of utterance is generally understood between participants & can be shortened |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSCRIPTED CONVERSATION
1. back channel |
-sounds to reassure speaker that listener is following |
2. discourse markers |
-words/phrases marking boundaries between one topic and another
-also used to signal end of conversation (used widely via phone) |
3. non-standard features & forms |
-speaker struggles to phrase utterances clearly |
4. tag questions |
-at the end of declarative utterances to elicit response from listener |
5. deixis |
-words that locate the conversation in a specific space/context that a non-participant wouldn't understand |
6. fixed expressions |
-phrases said can become routine and patterned |
7. vague expressions |
-words used to soften requests & maintain greater engagement between speakers |
8. adverbs |
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