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Unit 2: Anatomical Organization and Human Tissues Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Basic anatomical organization and human tissues for year 1 nursing students

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Direct­ional Terms

Anterior
front of the body, in front. ie nose
Posterior
back of the body, behind ie gluteus
Deep
beneath layers of tissue, closer to internal organs or bone ie heart
Superf­icial
closer to the surface of the skin ie ribcage is superfical to heart
Distal
further from the midline ie appendages
Proximal
closer to the midline ie elbow is proximal to phalanges
Medial
towards the center of the body
Lateral
towards the side of the body, away from the center
Superior
top of the body ie head
Inferior
bottom of the body ie legs

Body Regions

Pleura and Perica­rdium

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Histology

Simple Epithelium Location and Function

Simple and Pseude­ost­rat­ified Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Cuboidal and Urothelium

Connective Tissue: Bone

Connective Tissue: Cartilage

Connective Tissue: Fibrous Loose Reticular

Connective Tissue: Fibrous Loose Areolar

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

Abdominal Regions

Planes of Histol­ogical Section

Longit­udinal
cut on long axis
Cross/­Tra­nsverse
cut perpen­dicular to long axis
Oblique
cut on a slant between a longit­udinal and cross section
Fixative
prevents decay/­holds sample together (i.e. formalin)
Stain
add stains to provide contrast between tissues or components of cells
Section
– tissue sliced into thin sections 1-2 cells thick (NOTE: sometimes you use smears instead of sections)
 

Body Position

Supine
back on the ground, facing up
Prone
chest on the ground, facing down
Anatomical Position
Person standing with both feet on the ground, arms at the side with palms facing forward

Append­icular and Axial Skeleton

Planes of Section

Primary Tissues

Epitheal
Closley adhering cells, one or more cells thick with upper surface usually exposed to enviro­nment or interal surface of the body. Covers body surface, lines body cavities, forms external and internal linings of many organs and consitutes most gland tissue
Functions include protec­tion, secretion, excretion, absorp­tion, filtra­tion, sensation
Location: epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands
Connective
Most abundant, widely distri­buted, histol­ogi­cally variable. Includes fibrous, adipose, cartilage, blood and bone. Cells are not in direct contact but surrounded by a matrix
Functions include binding of organs, physical and immune protec­tion, support, movement, storage, heat produc­tion, transport.
Location: tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood
Nervous
Specia­lized for commun­ication by means of chemical and electrical signals.
Functions: Neurons detect stimuli quickly and transmit inform­ation to other cells. Neuroglia protect and assist neurons. Neurosoma houses the nucleus. Its the center for protein synthesis and genetic control. Dendrites recieve signals from other cells and sends them to neurosoma. Nerve fibres send out signals.
Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Muscular
Composed of elgonated, excitable tissue specia­lized for contra­ction
Functions: produce movement in body parts, contra­ction and elongation
skeletal muscles, heart, walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

Connective Tissues: Fibrous Dense

Connective Tissue: Adipose Loose

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal

Muscle Tissue: Smooth

Nervous Tissue

Body Cavities

Body Regions