This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Structure & Function of Macromolecules?
dehydration reaction |
water molecule formed when 2 molecules are covalently bonded |
connecting monomers to form a polymer |
enzymes |
speed up chemical RXNs |
can be made of |
hydrolysis |
bond betewen monomers broken by adding a water molecule |
polymers disassembled to monomers by this |
glycosidic linkage |
covalent bond formed between monosaccaraides in a dehydration reaction |
saturated fatty acids |
as many H bonds possible |
unsaturated fatty acids |
one or more double binds w/ 1 fewer H fewer carbon |
polypeptide |
polymer of Amino Acids |
Proteins!
primary structure |
linear amino acid chain |
initial folding of linear polypeptide is driven by hydrogen bond formation of polypeptide backbone |
secondary structure |
forms alpha heleces and beta pleated sheets through hydrogen bonding between polypeptide backbone |
to form alpha-helices and beta-sheets - secondary structure |
tertiary structure |
hydrophobic interaction drives this structure |
3D shape
interactions between side chains |
quaternary structure |
2 or more aggregated polypeptide chains |
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ex: hemoglobin, collagen |
Protein folding |
not very efficient = about 30% of all newly synthesized polypeptides are misfolded and tagged |
ubiquitin liagase |
ubiquitin tags misfolded proteins for the proteasome to breakdown |
Nucleic Acids
pyrimidine |
C and T and Uracil |
smaller than purines |
purines |
A and G |
larger than pyrimidines |
General Cell Stuff
Plant cells |
mitochondria
nucleus(nucleolous, nuclear envelope, chromtin)
peroxisomes
cell wall
chloroplasts
ribosomes
ERs
Golgi
central vacuole |
Animal Cells |
Endomembrane system
Included is ... |
nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
vessicles and vacuoles |
Tasks |
protein synthesis
transport proteins into membranes, organelles, or out of cell
metabolism
movement of lipids |
Rough ER |
ribosomes attached |
Enzymes
Enzymes |
Enzymes often change shape when they bind their substrate(s). |
NOT always protien |
allosteric site |
CAN be the same as an active site |
ATP can be a substrate at active site or bind allostericly as inhibitor |
Fibers of the cytoskeleton
microtubules |
thickest |
contain tubulin dimers |
maintain cell shap
cell motility (cilia/ flagella)
chromosome mvmt
organelle mvmt |
microfilaments |
thinnest
solid rods
aka actin filaments |
made of actin |
maintain adn change cell shape
contractions
cell motility
animal cell division |
intermediate filaments |
mid-range |
made of protein |
anchor nucleus |
microtubules |
guide vessicles ftom ER to Golgi and from Golgi to plasma membranse |
separation of chromosomes |
centorsome |
miicroT grow from centrosome near nucleus |
centrioles - witin centrosome |
cillia nand flagella |
motile cilia typically do not have signal receiving attenae(nonmotile) |
bending of flagella dn cillia = dyneins 9motor proteins attached to microT) |
motor proteins |
two ATPase heads that bind swivel unbind (repeat) for a walking motion to move proteins |
ATP for energy
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dyneins (-)
kinesins (+) |
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