This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Introduction
Stems function as:
Supportive organs: Elevate photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers.
Conductive organs: Transport water, minerals, and sugars via vascular tissues.
Features distinguishing stems from roots and leaves:
Nodes, internodes, and axillary buds.
Shoot = Stem + Associated leaves |
Modifications of Stems
Stem modifications adapt plants for:
Photosynthesis.
Food storage.
Asexual reproduction.
Defense. |
A. Aerial Modifications
1. Phylloclade |
○ Flattened, green stem resembling leaves. ○ Bears scale leaves for photosynthesis. ○ Example: Opuntia. |
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