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Lecture Exam #2 CH. 6 Bones Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

The following story is fictional and does not depict any actual person or event. In the criminal justice system, the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups: the police, who investigate crime; and the district attorneys, who prosecute the offenders. These are their stories.

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC extrac­ellular matrix

 

Compact bone vs. Spongy bone

Cortical bone
Cancellous bone
Heavy, tough, and compact in nature.
Light, spongy, and soft
Composed of closely packed osteons or haversian systems.
Composed of trabeculae (thin columns) without central canals.
OUTER layer of most bones
INNER layer of most bones
Forms the shaft or diaphysis of long bones
Forms the ends or epiphyses of long bones
Present in the outer layer of long bones
Present in the middle of long bones.
Denser with a porosity of 5–10% and apparent density of 1.5–1.8 g/cm^3.
Less dense with a porosity of 50–90% and apparent density of 0.5–1.0 g/cm^3.
Can withstand higher stress (up to about 150 MPa) but lower strain (up to about 3%) before failure
Can withstand lower stress (up to about 50 MPa) but much higher strain
Consists of proteins like collagens and osteoids, inorganic mineral salts, blood vessels, nerves, and bone marrow within lamellae
Balances the weight of compact bones and provides flexib­ility for movement
Contains cylind­rical osteons with concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae.
Contains red bone marrow, trabeculae forming a spongy grid, and less calcium density.

Describe the anatomy of a long bone.

Use the following terms: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaph­ysis, medullary cavity.

Osteop­orosis

Explain why osteop­orosis risk may increase with increasing age. Define two types of osteop­orosis and list common types of fractures associated with each. Which type of osteop­orosis will occur in elderly women who are 15-20 years post-m­eno­pause?

alendr­onate sodium

How does alendr­onate sodium increase bone mineral density? Discuss specif­ically its effects on bone cell activity. What do studies show regarding incidence of fractures with patients on alendr­onate sodium vs. patients on a placebo?
 

Osteob­lasts, Osteoc­lasts and Osteocytes

OsteoBlasts
OsteClasts
Osteocytes
B= "­bui­lds­"
C= "­Cleans Up"
These are bone-f­orming cells respon­sible for synthe­sizing and depositing new bone matrix during bone growth and repair. They are primarily involved in bone formation.
Large, multin­ucl­eated cells respon­sible for bone resorp­tion, the process by which old or damaged bone tissue is broken down and removed.
Mature bone cells derived from osteob­lasts that’re embedded in the bone matrix. They maintain bones by regulating mineral content and responding to mechanical stress.

The OSTEON

- Lamellae in bones resist torsion forces by bending and twisting.
- Bones widen under compre­ssion and narrow under tension.
- Bones can handle stress because of their anisot­ropic (having different properties in different direct­ions) and viscoe­lastic (combining solid and fluid-like charac­ter­istics) features.
- Dynamic response to forces allows bones to resist torsion effect­ively.

Zones of the growth plates in a long bone.

Be sure to describe what occurs in: prolif­eration zone, hypert­rophic zone, calcif­ication zone, ossifi­cation zone.

Fractures

What is a hip fracture? What is a vertebral wedge fracture?
 

Endoch­ondral Ossifi­cation

- When does bony collar formation occur during this process?
- Describe how “cavit­ation” occurs within the diaphysis.
- Describe the formation of the medullary cavity.
- Which type of bone (spongy or compact) forms around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis?
- Which type of bone (spongy or compact) forms inside the epiphyses?
- Contrast articular cartilage vs. epiphyseal plate cartilage (growth plate)

PERIOSTEUM vs. ENDOSTEUM

Glistening white, double­-la­yered membrane
Covers internal bone surfaces
Covers entire external bone surface.
It covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals passing through compact bones
OUTER FIBROUS LAYER is dense irregular connective tissue
Also is an osteogenic layer lined with osteob­lasts and precursors to osteob­lasts
INNER OSTEOGENIC LAYER contains osteop­rog­enitor cells (bone stem cells)
**
Contains osteob­lasts & osteoc­lasts
**
Full of nerves & blood vessels
**
Secured to bone via perfor­ating fibers (collagen fibers)
**
Anchoring point for tendons and ligaments
**

BONE REMODELING

Define

BONE REMODELING

Define.

BONE REMODELING

Define.

Low bone density

Low bone mineral density and risk of falling are both risk factors associated with fractures. What are some risks of falling? How can exercise counteract these risks?