Cheatography
https://cheatography.com
A basic introduction to imaging.
Radiological Terminology
Lytic |
Bone loss/destruction (blacker) |
Blastic/Sclerotic |
Bone production (whiter) - blotches |
Artefact |
Anything that obscures/distorts the image - patient clothing, image noise |
Coalition |
Congenital fusing of two bones |
Disarticulation |
Disconnection of limb from the body through the joint |
Congruent |
Joint that is not dislocated |
Involucrum |
Caused by osteomyelitis - thick shealth of periosteal new bone surrounding a sequestrum |
Sequestrum |
Calcification within a lucent lesion, separated from the surrounding bone |
Monomelic |
Condition that is confined to one limb |
Monostatic |
Condition that involves one bone |
Polystotic |
Condition that involves multiple bones |
Agenesis |
Failure of growth of an organ - congenital |
Aplasia |
Absence of development of a structure/organ |
Gold Standard |
Best test for the best diagnosis of a disease |
Subclinical disease |
Asymptomatic |
Cloaca |
Osteomyelitis - drainage hole |
X-Ray
Strengths |
Weaknesses |
Relatively Inexpensive |
No soft tissue details |
Widely available |
Cannot detect loss of bone mass unless severe (30-50%) |
Bone pathologies - f#, tumour, arthritis, osteomyelitis, bone disease |
Cannot detect bone marrow changes/oedema |
Assess orthopaedic hardware |
Ionising radiation |
Terminology used in x-ray images:
Radiolucent: black
Radio-opaque: White
CT
Strengths |
Weaknesses |
2D + 3D images |
Uses ionising radiation |
Complex fractures - especially of flat bones + spine |
Cannot show bone marrow changes/oedema |
Assess for fracture healing |
Postop - degree of fusion/hardware complications |
Bone window: assesses cortical bone - makes bone appear more grey
Soft tissue window: Assesses soft tissues, soft tissue appears more detailed, bony appears more bright
Hyperdense: White
Hypodense: Black
MRI
Strengths |
Weaknesses |
Excellent for soft tissues |
Expensive |
Bone Marrow/oedema |
May require further imaging |
Non-ionising radiation |
Claustrophobic patients |
T1: Fat is high signal - MRI shut off quickly
T2: Water is high signal - MRI shut off after a long period of time
STIR: Fat suppression, fluid is high signal - good for oedema.
Ultrasound
Strengths |
Weaknesses |
Anatomic + Dynamic functional evaluation of MSK tissues |
Operator dependant |
Determines whether mass is Cystic/Solid nature |
Superficial structures only |
Vascularity of a lesion (Doppler) |
Real time guidance for percutaneous procedures |
Foreign body detection |
Hyperechoic: White
Hypoechoic: Black
|
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