Rhinitis
Butterbur herbs/roots |
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From fam. Asteraceae, but the only member that doesn't cause allergic rhinitis "hay fever". |
A.I.: Petasins (sesquiterpene lactones) responsible for anti-inflammatory effect. |
Antihistaminic effect= cetrizine in zyrtec. |
Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) cause severe liver damage, so product should be labeled PA-free. |
Common cold & influenza phytotherapy
Iceland moss |
Cinnamon barks |
Coltsfoot |
A.I.: Mucilage |
A.I.: V.O. (cinnamaldehyde & eugenol), mucilage. |
A.I.: mucilage, flavonoids, tannins, toxic PA (must be PA-free) |
Demulcent. |
Demulcent/anti-inflamm./Expectorant. |
Demulcent/anti-inflamm./Immunostimulant. |
- Sinusitis can be treated by same agents (nasal decongestants, anti-inflammatory, demulcents).
Chronic bronchitis phytotherapy
1. Bronchodilators |
Ephedra herb |
Lobelia herb: A.I.: alkaloids lobelin, lobelanine |
Both MOA: B2 stimulation causing airways relaxation.
Herbs treating asthma (Anti-asthmatic)
Ephedra alkaloids |
A.I.: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, nor-pseudoephedrine). |
MOA: |
- stimulate a1-adrenergic receptors--> VC of nasal BV, relieving nasal congestion. |
- Stimulates B2 adrenergic receptors--> relaxes bronchial smooth muscles. |
- Increases ciliary activity and mucus liquefaction--> mild expectorant activity |
AE: irritability/headache/N/V/ BP & cardiac rhythm disorders with higher doses. |
CI: heart conditions/HTN/diabetes/thyroid disease |
Chronic bronchitis phytotherapy
1. Bronchodilators |
Ephedra herb |
Lobelia herb-A.I.: alkaloids lobelin & lobelanine |
Both MOA: B2 stimulation causing airways relaxation.
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Herbal decongestants
Peppermint |
Eucalyptus leaves |
A.I.: Menthol |
A.I.: Eucalyptol=cineole |
Both are volatile decongestants & anti-septics. |
The VO are mixed with camphor to become liniments (vapor rubs), nasal sprays, inhalers or lozenges. |
- Could help avoid rhinitis medicamentosa caused by conventional decongestants.
- Otrivine nasal sprays are prepared with menthol, eucalyptus oil and saline water.
Dry cough herbal ttt (anti-tussives)
Mucilaginous herbs |
Essential oils & liquorice saponins |
Opiates |
Ex. Linden, marshmallow, coltsfoot. |
E.O. ex.: Eucalyptus, peppermint, thyme |
Morphine and codeine alkaloids from opium poppy. |
MOA: prevent local/mechanical irritation of pharynx, larynx and trachea epithelium by forming protective layer over mucus membrane. |
MOA: peripheral suppression of cough reflex by decreasing receptors sensitivity. |
MOA: agonists on opiates receptors in the cough center. |
Demulcent & emollients. |
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Large doses may cause respiratory depression, constipation, liable to abuse. |
Chronic bronchitis phytotherapy
2. Expectorants & mucolytics |
Reflex expectorants |
Direct-acting expectorants |
- Snakeroot (senega): A.I.: triterpenoid saponins, senegin. |
- Eucalyptus V.O. (eucalyptol/cineole) |
- Ipeca/ipecacuanha roots: A.I:Isoquinoline alkaloids (emetine, cephaeline |
- Thyme oil: A.I.: VO (thymol, carvacrol) |
- Liquorice roots: A.I.: triterpenoid saponins, glycyrrhizin. |
- Reflex expectorants: drugs with saponins, emetic/acid/bitter tasting compounds.
Evoke reflex stimulation of thin serous mucus respiratory secretions.
SE: can stimulate emetic center/vomiting if not small quantities.
- Direct acting expectorants: E.O. containing drugs. Absorbed and excreted by lungs, stimulating serous mucus (surfactant effect).
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