Quiz 21. The major premise of any categorical syllogism is the premise that contains the predicate of the conclusion | 2. The ________ is the term occurring in a syllogism that appears in both the oremesis of a categorical syllogism but not in the conclusion Middle term | 3. A term is said to be _________ when reference is made to only a portion of the class of objects Undistributed | 4. Two propositions are ________ when they can both be true, but both cannot be false Sub-contrary | 5. A statement about a relationship of either inclusion or exclusion, partial or total, between two groups of objects or events is called Categorical | 6. A(n) _____ proposition declares that the relationship between two classes is one of partial inclusion I form | 7. A(n) ____ proposition declares that the relationship between two classes is one of total exclusion E Form | 8. A(n) ____ proposition declares that the relationship between two classes is one of partial exclusion O Form | 9. The propositions in an argument that support the conclusion are called the _____ Premises | 10. Whenever a conclusion is drawn from a single premise, without reference to evidence from any other source, we call this argument Immediate inference | 11. A term is said to be a _____ when reference is about the entire class of objects Distributed | 12. An unreliable inference or error in reasoning is called a ____ Fallacy |
Homework1. A few lazy students do not prepare for class. Steve prepares for class. We can conclude that Steve is not a lazy student
Answer:
Some lazy students are not class preparers O
All Steve (d) are class preparer (u) A
_____________________________
Steve is not a Lazy student --> No Steve (d) are class preparer (u)
Invalid:Illicit Distribution |
A. Fallacy of four terms
B. Undistributed middle term
C. Faulty exclusion
D. Illicit distribution
E. Syllogism RulesStep 1: Change the claim to either its contrary if universal or subcontrary if particular | Step 2: Leave the subject alone | Step 3. Compliment the predicate |
| | Quiz 2 - Convert if possible1. All envious people are difficult to work with Can't convert (it is an A form) | 2. No exams are pleasant experiences No pleasant experiences are exams |
Quiz 2 - Obvert1. No terrorists are patriotic Americans All terrorists are non-patriotic Americans | 2. Any term distributed in the conclusion of a categorical syllogism must be distributed in the premises No terms distributed in the conclusion of a categorical syllogism are terms that must be non-distributed in the premises |
Quiz 2 - True, False, UnknownAssume the following proposition is TRUE All patriots are voters. | 1. No patriots are non-voters True | 2. All non-voters are non-patriots True | 3. All voters are patriots Unknown | 4. Some patriots are not voters False | 5. Only voters are patriots (No non-voters are patriots) True | 6. Only patriots are voters (No non-patriots are voters) Unknown | 7. Some patriots are voters True |
Quiz 2 - Restate in standard categorical form1. Nearly every student must be immunized Some students are people who must be immunized | 2. Only freshmen can enroll today. No non-freshmen are students allowed to enroll today |
DefinitionsA | Distributes the subject | E | Distributes both | I | Distributes neither | O | Distributes the predicate | Middle Term | occurs in the premises, distributed once, cannot be in the conclusion | Major Premises | the predicate of the conclusion | Contradiction | opposite truth value - if one's true, the other is false | Contrary | Both can't be true, however both can be false | Sub-Contrary | Both can be true at the same time, however both can't be false at the same time | Subimplication | The truth of the universal proposition guarantees the truth of the particular | Superimplication | The falsity of the particular claim guarantees the falsity of the universal | Syllogism | Deductive argument in which a conclusion is drawn from 2 pieces of evidence (premises) |
Arguments with missing propositions are called Enthymemes | | Quiz 2 - Consider the argumentSince all politicians are careful planners and it is also a fact that nearly all bank robbers are also careful planners. It only stands to reason that some bank robbers are politicians | Answer: The conclusion of the argument is a - Some bank robbers are politicians | Determine if the arguments are valid or invalid. Which reason describes the reason the syllogism is invalid. A: Fallacy of four terms B: Undistributed middle term C: Faulty exclusion D: Illicit distribution E: Syllogism satisfies all four terms | 1. Every politician provides his services and experiences freely. No criminal gives freely his experience and services. Therefore no politician is a criminal. Answer: VE | | | 2. This building was certified prior to the fire because it was inspected and all certified buildings have been inspected Answer: IB | | | 3. The categorical proposition Only truly dedicated men enter the priesthood. Is translated to Answer: No non-truly dedicated men are men who enter the priesthood |
Notes(A Form): All (___) [distributed] are (___) [undistributed]: inclusive quality; universal quantity | (I Form): Some (___) [undistributed] are (___) [undistributed]: inclusive; partical | (E Form): No (___) [distributed] are (___) [distributed]: exclusive; universal | (O Form): Some (___) [undistributed] are not (___) [distributed]: exclusive; partial | Inclusive: A, I | Exclusive: E, O | Universal: A, E | Partial: I, O | Only is universal and exclusive = E Form | A Few = I form | Few = O form | If there are no non's you can leave it alone | Only use conversion on E and I forms | A and I = Affirmative quality | E and O = Negative quality |
| | Quiz 21. In the O-form proposition the subject is undistributed True | 2. No valid argument can have a false conclusion if the premises are true True | 3. Conversion is a valid operation for all four types of categorical propositions False | 4. In a valid categorical syllogism, the middle term must be distributed twice False | 5. A valid categorical syllogism must have exactly three terms, each used exactly twice to refer the same class True | 6. In a valid categorical syllogism, every term distributed in the premises must be distributed in the conclusion False | 7. When two categorical propositions differ in only their degree of generality, the truth of the more general proposition logically implies the less general True | 8. A strong inductive argument is an argument in which the premises of the argument establish a relatively high degree of probability that the conclusion is true True | 9. If a conversion is valid, no term in the converse can be distributed unless it was distributed in the original proposition True | 10. All sound deductive arguments have a true conclusion True | 11. Any categorical proposition is logically equivalent to its converse False | 12. A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and one conclusion True | 13. It is a flaw in the argument's structure or form that causes the argument to be invalid True | 14. All four forms of standard categorical propositions may be simply converted False | 15. All valid arguments must have a true conclusion False | 16. No invalid argument can have a true conclusion False | 17. If there are two exclusive premises in a syllogism, then the conclusion must be affirmative False* | 18. The truth of the premises guarantee the validity of the argument False | 19. If the premises are true and the argument is valid then the conclusion must be true True | 20. All four standard forms of the categorical proposition have a logical equivalent True | 21. A sound deductive argument must be both valid and have true premises True |
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