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Trade:
The population of England was 2.2 million and most people made money from farming |
Henry VII did not have an active economic policy for the country (only for the crown) |
Most money is made from pastoral farming |
Change: during Henry VII's reign 90% of exports were of cloth and cloth exports increased by 60% during his reign |
Change: Weaving, fulling and dyeing all developed which created more rural employment |
Trade:
The Merchant Adventurers transported a lot of cloth from London |
During Henry VII's reign a commercial axis with Antwerp was developed which was Europe's main money market and the goods were then transported across Europe |
The Hanseatic League dominated trade in Northern Europe and the Merchant Adventurers were not able to overcome their trading privileges |
Intercursus Magnus:
This said that English merchants could export to any part of the Duke of Burgundy's lands apart from Flanders |
It also said that merchants would be granted swift and fair justice |
It also said that effective arrangements would be put in place for the resolution of disputes |
Philip of Burgundy confirmed it in 1499 |
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Change:
Growth of the bourgeoisie |
Increased social mobility due to economic pressures especially since the Black Death |
Churchmen:
They were often great landowners |
Curates and chantry priests were rewarded well for dealing with the spiritual needs of the people |
Bishops and Abbots could sit in the House of Lords |
Change: the higher clergy were becoming less socially exclusive |
Martin V declared that the King governed the Church in England and so Henry appointed bishops with legal training |
Feudal System:
Society was not as firmly hierarchical as France or Spain but the great landowners and senior churchmen were still just below the king |
King: Church |
Archbishops |
Bishops |
Clergymen |
King: Nobility |
Gentry |
Yeomen |
Citizens (including the bourgeoisie) |
Labourers |
Vagrants |
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Roles of the Catholic Church:
Way of maintaining social control |
Catered for the spiritual needs of the people |
Played an important political role in domestic and international affairs |
Provided opportunities for employment and social advancement (senior churchmen had great political power) |
The Catholic Church:
All English people belonged to the Catholic Church and were under the spiritual leadership of the Pope although Martin V declared that Henry VII was head of the church in England. |
Religious community, belief and services:
Religion was an important part of daily life and central to the community. |
The year was based around religious festivals and baptism, marriage and death |
The threat of hell and purgatory greatly influenced people and you could acquire grace by observing the seven sacraments and going on pilgrimage. |
The Church's social role:
The Church brought people together and Laymen would create a confraternity in order to provide for Masses or funeral costs of members, help maintain the church, to donate to charity and to socialise. As a parish, they would take part in the practice of 'beating the bounds' on Rogation Sunday to try and protect the parish. |
People would donate to rebuild churches and leave money to the parish church in their wills as well as leaving money for the foundation of chantries |
Change: individual religious experience became even more important in the 15th century with the writing of mystics |
Religious orders:
Monastic orders: |
Friars: |
Nunneries: |
1% of adult males were monks |
Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians |
Often enjoyed less prestige than monasteries |
There were 900 monasteries |
Worked among lay people |
Often relatively poor |
Some operated cathedrals |
Declining in importance by the late 15th century |
The Lollards:
Followed the teachings of John Wycliffe |
Thought it was important to understand the Bible and wanted it to be translated into English |
Sceptical about transubstantiation |
Viewed the Catholic Church as corrupt |
By the late 15th century, Lollardy was in decline |
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