This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
The phase of the cell cycle
Prophase: Nuclear envelope breks down & chromosomes condese
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: Two nuclei form
Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm separates & two new daughter cells from |
The musculoskeletal system
Bones |
Ligaments |
Hard & dense |
tough, elastic connective tissue |
Consists of bone cells within a matrix of minerals |
holds bones together at the joints |
mainly made of calcium & phosphorus & collages fibres |
made of longs fibers of collagen |
The musculoskeletal system
What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system?
- allows for movement & supports the body
What organs make up the musculoskeletal system?
- made up of bones and skeletal muscle
How do muscles make bones move?
- the nervous system sends a signal to the muscles to contract
- muscles commonly work in pairs. one muscle usually pulls while the other pushes |
The nervous system
- The central nercous system contains the brain and spinal cord
- the peripheral nercous system which is a network of nerves and neural tissues branching out throughout the body
Brain
- sends electrical signals to the body
Neurons
- neurons are nerve cells
- neurons conducts electrical impulses so that the body can send and receive messages
Neurons have 3 parts
1) cell body: contains the nucleus and organelles
2) Dendrites: branches that receive electrical impulses
3) Axon: extension that carries impulses away from the cell body |
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Specialized & cancer cells
- special shapes and structures that allow them to do special functions
- A cell that comes from a non-specialized cell (stem cell) look different
- is different internally |
Stem cells can differenciate into all the different cell types that make up your body
- Nerve cells
-Skin cells
- liver cells
- Pancreatic cells
- Red blood cells
- Heart muscle cells
Specialized cells carry out a specific job
- Muscle cells burn more calories
- Muscle cells: for movement
- Fat cells tend to store calories
- Fat cells: to store fat
- Red bloodcells: to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide |
Muscle cells: a lot of mitochondria
Cells in intestine: lots of golgi bodies
Fat cells: large vacuole
Adult stem cell transplant
Umbilical cord blood has a high concentration of the adult stem cells (cancer in bone marrow) |
Bone marrow transplant: a procedure to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells; to replace replenish bone marrow that has been destroyed by drugs or radiation therapy for cancer such as leukemia
Causes of cancer
-DNA mutation is the changes to a cell's DNA
- It can be caused by carcinpgens or inherited
Comparing normal cells and cancer cells
Normal cells |
Cancer cells |
Make exact copies of themselves through mitosis |
Make exact copies of themselves through mitosis |
Reproduce for about 20-30 rounds |
Do not stop reproducing |
Stick together to form masses of cells |
Do not stick to other cells |
Self-destruct when too old or too damaged |
Behave independently |
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May move to another location of the body |
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The digestive system
Functions of the digestive system
1) takes in food
2) digest food
3) eliminates remaining waste from your body |
Parts & accessory organs of the digestive tract
Mouth: Digestion begins here. Food is broken down by grinding teeth and saliva
Esophagus: long tube that runs from mouth to the stomach
Stomach: large, sac like organ that churns food and bathes it in a strong acid
Small intestine: food is further broken down by chemicals from liver, pancreas, and intestine. Nutrients are absorbed
Large intestine: Absorbs water
Anus: where waste exists the body
Liver: Makes bile which breaks down lipids
Gallbaldder: Stores chemicals and bile. Releases them into digestive tract when there is food to be digested
Pancreas: Makes insulin which controls how sugar goes from blood to cells |
The circulatory system
organ system responsible for transporting substance throughout the body. it consist of the heart, blood and blood vessels. |
Human heart has 4 chambers: right atrium, left atriuim, right ventricle and left ventricle
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