Systems
Cardiovascular System |
Systemic Circulation - |
LV(ox) --> body tissue -->RA (deox) |
Pulmonary Circulation - |
RV (deox)--> lungs -->LA (ox) |
Coronary Circulation- |
LV (ox) --> heart (coronary arteries) -->? |
Lymphatic System |
Organ |
filters lymph and produces phagocytic lyphocytes(WBC) |
Vessels |
transport intersitial fluid(in between cells) to cardiovasular system |
Heart control
heat = myogenic tissue - creates its own electrical contraction, subconscious (direct innervation) |
how the heat beats |
1. blood makes Synoatrial Node (SA node)/Pacemaker to activate, causing atria to contract, moving blood to ventricles |
in top wall of atrium, generates electrical impulses |
2.when ventricles fill, Atrioventricular Node (AV node)relays impulses to bundles of Him and Purkinje fibres, causing ventricles to contract, moving blood to arteries |
at base of atrium to delay impulse and allow ventricles to fill |
Electrical Activity in the Heart
|
Electrocardigram (EKG/ECG) |
impluses of the heart picked up by electrodes on the skin |
|
P |
atria starts contraction, AV opens, SL closes |
Q |
impluse from SA node to AV node is delayed, ventricles fill |
R (Lub) |
ventricular systole in apex, atrioventricular valves close |
S |
ventricular systole finishs |
T (Dub) |
ventricular diastole |
Indicators of Cardiovascular Health
1. Heart Rate (bpm) |
- low resting heart rate = high cardiovasular health |
|_> indicates high stoke volume/ stonger pumps |
- short recovery time = good |
2. Stroke Volume (mL/beat) |
- the extent that ventricles can fill (strech) and empty (strength) |
- cardiovensular exercise improve ventricular strength and volume |
3.Cardiac Output (mL/min) |
- heart rate(beats/min) x stroke volume(mL/beat) |
Indicators of Cardiovascular Health
1. Heart Rate (bpm) |
- low resting heart rate = high cardiovasular health |
|_> indicates high stoke volume/ stonger pumps |
- short recovery time = good |
2. Stroke Volume (mL/beat) |
- the extent that ventricles can fill (strech) and empty (strength) |
- cardiovensular exercise improve ventricular strength and volume |
3.Cardiac Output (mL/min) |
- heart rate(beats/min) x stroke volume(mL/beat) |
Blood Vessels
aorta, artery, arterioles, cappilaries, venuoles, veins, vena cava |
Name |
Structure |
Function |
artery |
thick, muscular, elastic walls |
withstand high blood pressure/volume |
| |
narrower than veins |
recoil to propel blood |
| |
no valves |
carry blood away from heart |
cappilaries |
1 cell thick (diffusion) |
easy exchange w/ all tissues |
| |
v narrow, v branched |
slows blood flow |
| |
has precapillary sphincter |
blood plasma can leak |
veins |
large internal diameter, w/ valves |
lower blood flow pressure |
| |
not elastic/ muscular |
valves prevent backflow |
| |
surrounded by skeletal muscle to help push blood |
returns blood to heart |
| |
|
- changes depending on vessel |
- regulates local blood flow |
high surface area (cappilares = low speed of blood |
| |
|
arteries can be against bone at these points to feel blood flow |
radial |
- wrist |
caratoid |
- neck/treachea |
brachial |
- bicep |
femeral |
- crotch |
pedal |
- foot |
Influences on Rhythm of Heart
hormones |
- adrenalin, epinphrine, nor... |
increases body temp |
high bpm |
vagus nerve |
+blood in aorta ----> inhibitory effect (parasympatheic) |
Aorta strech recoptor ---> impluse to medula oblongata ----> vagus nerve ---> decrease SA node activity |
accerlerator nerve |
+blood in vena canva ------> simulating affect (sympatheric) |
Vena Cava strech recoptor ---> impluse to medula oblongata ----> accerator nerve ---> increase SA node activity |
high [CO2] in blood |
pH 7.35-7.45 |
CO2 +H2O ----> H2CO3 ----> H++HCO3- |
Chemical stimuli |
+CO |
+ heart speed |
+O2 |
- heart speed |
nicotine, alcohol, caffeine |
+heart speed |
Blood Pressure
Factors |
(1) Contraction of ventricles |
+mL/min = +b.p. |
(2) Elasticity of atrerial walls |
(3) Ateriole Resistance |
- diameter ---> +resistance ----> +b.p. |
(4) Smooth muscles in arteries controlled by: |
nerves(medulla oblongata), hormones, +CO2, +lactic acid |
(5) Blood volume |
- blood volume = - b.p. |
Regulation |
- vasomotor center (unconsious) |
high b.p. ----> aorta/cartoid arteries strech receptors ----> vasomotor center(medulla oblongata) ---->increse arteriole diameter ---> low b.p. |
- high b.p can cause blood vessels to rupture |
Measure |
- uses sphygmomanometer to cut off blood flow in brachial artery ( x/y ) |
- x = systolic, sound heard, max pressure during ventricular contraction |
- y = diastolic, sound disappear, min pressure during ventriular relaxation |
ave: 120/80mmHg |
Hypertension |
140/90mmHg + |
factors responsible: |
obesity (+capppilaries to service extra fatty tissue), Stress (arteries contract), +salt(kidneys) |
consequences: |
Treatment: |
increase urine (-salt, diuretic drugs), drud that dialate arteriole, blood thinnners |
Blood Pressure
Factors |
(1) Contraction of ventricles |
+mL/min = +b.p. |
(2) Elasticity of atrerial walls |
(3) Ateriole Resistance |
- diameter ---> +resistance ----> +b.p. |
(4) Smooth muscles in arteries controlled by: |
nerves(medulla oblongata), hormones, +CO2, +lactic acid |
(5) Blood volume |
- blood volume = - b.p. |
Regulation |
- vasomotor center (unconsious) |
high b.p. ----> aorta/cartoid arteries strech receptors ----> vasomotor center(medulla oblongata) ---->increse arteriole diameter ---> low b.p. |
- high b.p can cause blood vessels to rupture |
Measure |
- uses sphygmomanometer to cut off blood flow in brachial artery ( x/y ) |
- x = systolic, sound heard, max pressure during ventricular contraction |
- y = diastolic, sound disappear, min pressure during ventriular relaxation |
ave: 120/80mmHg |
Hypertension |
140/90mmHg + |
factors responsible: |
obesity (+capppilaries to service extra fatty tissue), Stress (arteries contract), +salt(kidneys) |
consequences: |
Treatment: |
increase urine (-salt, diuretic drugs), drud that dialate arteriole, blood thinnners |
Blood Pressure
Factors |
(1) Contraction of ventricles |
+mL/min = +b.p. |
(2) Elasticity of atrerial walls |
(3) Ateriole Resistance |
- diameter ---> +resistance ----> +b.p. |
(4) Smooth muscles in arteries controlled by: |
nerves(medulla oblongata), hormones, +CO2, +lactic acid |
(5) Blood volume |
- blood volume = - b.p. |
Regulation |
- vasomotor center (unconsious) |
high b.p. ----> aorta/cartoid arteries strech receptors ----> vasomotor center(medulla oblongata) ---->increse arteriole diameter ---> low b.p. |
- high b.p can cause blood vessels to rupture |
Measure |
- uses sphygmomanometer to cut off blood flow in brachial artery ( x/y ) |
- x = systolic, sound heard, max pressure during ventricular contraction |
- y = diastolic, sound disappear, min pressure during ventriular relaxation |
ave: 120/80mmHg |
Hypertension |
140/90mmHg + |
factors responsible: |
obesity (+capppilaries to service extra fatty tissue), Stress (arteries contract), +salt(kidneys) |
consequences: |
Treatment: |
increase urine (-salt, diuretic drugs), drud that dialate arteriole, blood thinnners |
|
|
Components of Blood
Plasma |
- suspend blood cells |
| |
- CO2 dissolves, forms carbonic acid in rbc cytoplasm, out of rbc as bicarbonate ions, to the lungs |
Red blood cells |
- erythocyte, de-nucleated, contain hemoglobin |
| |
- O + CO2 transport |
| |
largest % |
White blood cells |
-leukocyte, colourless,w/nucluei, increase when fighting infection |
| |
--granulocytes: engluf and destroy foreign bodies, Largest |
| |
--monocytes: ^|, also leaves blood stream to destroy macrophages |
| |
--lyphocytes: include B+T cells, formation of antibodies |
Platlets |
- thrombocytes, no nueclus bc fragment of larger cell from bone marrow, smallest |
| |
- key role in cloting: |
| |
thrombus- clot that seals blood vessel |
| |
embolus- clot that dislodges+ carries through cu= |
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