Properties of Water
Hydrogen Bonds (Polarity) |
Cohesion: attracted to each other; Adhesion: attracted to other things; Surface tension: water molecule collect tighter on surface; Capillary Action: cohesion + adhesion |
High Specific Heat |
Resists temp change; High Hvap; Evaporative cooling: high nrg particles evaporate |
Universal Solvent |
Hydrophilic, repels hydrophobic or non-polar |
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Elements of Life
Carbon |
Used to build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms |
Nitrogen |
Used to build proteins and nucleic acids |
Phosphorus |
Used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids |
DNA/RNA
DNA
Structure: antiparallel double helix, each strand runs opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation (5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl)
-A + T takes 2 H-Bonds
-C + G takes 3 H-Bonds
-Deoxyribose, uses thymine, double stranded, antiparallel
RNA
-Ribose, single stranded, uses uracil
Both:
-Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
-5’ and 3’ ends
-Nitrogenous bases perpendicular to sugar-phosphate backbone |
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Biomolecules
Carbs |
Sugar monomers, connected w/ covalent bonds -Structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules; Nrg storage, structure and protection |
Lipids |
Saturated: no bends, stack, solid; Unsaturated: bendy, liquid; more than one double bond= polyunsaturated; Hydrophobic, hormones, store nrg and coat body (waxes/oils) |
Nucleic Acids |
A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil); Form RNA and DNA; Held together by phosphodiester H-bonds; protein synthesis |
Protein |
Primary structure: sequence of constituent amino acids; Secondary structure: folding of the amino acid chain into alpha-helices and beta-sheets; Tertiary Structure: overall three-dimensional shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy (hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, H-bonds, ionic bonds); Quaternary: arrangement of polypeptide subunit |
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