Social Sciences
- allows to go beyond personal experience and learn abt how society works |
- social awareness |
- understand poverty, economic growth, and politics |
Branches of Social Sciences
History |
study of the past |
Psychology |
study of the human mind |
Economics |
production, distribution, and consumption of goods |
Geography |
relationship of ppl n environment |
Anthropology |
anthros + logos = human + study : study of humans |
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culture that humans belong to |
Sociology |
study between/among humans |
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group of people, product of interacting with society |
Political Science |
power gained and cultivated to develop authority and influence social affairs |
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rules that govern society |
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power: ability to impose will on others to secure desired outcomes |
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authority: legitimate power |
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legitimacy: accepted right to accept power. right to exercise power is accepted by the people |
Social Theories
Symbolic Interactionism |
repeated social interactions |
Structural Functionalism |
society is made up of different parts |
Social Conflict |
competing for limited resources & primary means for change |
Symbolic Interactionism
-society is constructed through repeated social interactions |
-effect: assign symbols and shared meanings |
Meaning |
context of thing |
Socializing |
interaction with environment |
Cultural Symbolisms |
symbols differ per community, socialization |
Structural Functionalism
-each member has a diff specific role for social stability |
Durkheim |
society > sum of its parts |
Collective Conscience |
shared beliefs, morals, and values |
Social Integration |
strength of ppl ties to their social groups |
Function Types |
Manifest Function |
intended, recognized, obvious function |
Latent Function |
unintended, unrecognized, not obvious |
Cohesion Types |
Mechanical Solidarity |
developed when ppl do similar work |
Organic Solidarity |
members work in specialized jobs |
Social Conflict Theory
Karl Marx |
german philosopher, sociologist |
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society=competition for limited resources |
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institutions perpetuate conflict |
Base and Superstructure |
base: economy |
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superstructure: culture, religion, government, family, etc. |
Conflict |
primary means for change |
Burgeoisie |
employers, owners of means of productions |
Poletariat |
laborers |
one class dominating the eother led to revolutions |
Alienation |
feeling disconnected from society, work, or self |
From Product of One's Labor |
doesn't relate to product of his labor |
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assembly lines-never saw finished product |
From Process of One's Labor |
no control over conditions of job |
From Species-being |
competition over cooperation |
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Culture
- group of people who share & socially transmit ideas, values,... |
Types of Culture |
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Material Culture: material aspects of culture, ex clothes, food, etc |
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Non-material Culture: ex. religion, practices, etc |
Components of Culture |
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1. Language |
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2. Symbols |
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3. Values |
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4. Norms & Sanctions |
norms: expectations |
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sanctions: rewards or punishment for obedience or violations of norms |
Cultural Processes |
1) Cultural Integration |
2+ cultures blend/merge together |
2) Cultural Change |
cultural invention |
creation of new cultural practices, ideas, technologies, or symbols |
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cultural innovation |
new ideas, practices, technologies that bring significant changes within culture |
3) Enculturation |
learning cultural process from one generation to another. Passed down culture |
4) Acculturation |
cultural exchange through prolonged & continuous contact |
5) Assimilation |
culture in minority adopt to dominant culture |
Kinds of Culture |
1) Dominant Culture |
historically & currently have more influence. ex western culture |
2) Sub Culture |
different cultures under one culture. ex aircon vs kanal culture |
3) Counter Culture |
completely diff from accepted. ex hippies |
4) Pop culture |
shared by diverse set of people. ex taylor swift |
Socialization
- lifelong process of inheriting norms & customs to perform as a functioning member of the society |
- happens with the help of |
social groups: ppl u regularly interact with |
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institutions: economy, religion, gov, media |
Types of Socialization |
Primary Socialization |
socialization in early childhood |
Secondary Socialization |
learning appropriate behavior within a small group |
Anticipatory |
rehearsing attitudes for future social relationships |
Resocialization |
rejecting previous behaviors, accepting new ones |
Forms of Socialization |
Group Socialization |
peer groups influence one's personality & behavior |
Cultural |
teaching a person their history & heritage |
Gender |
assigning roles based on gender |
Theories of Socialization |
Functionalism |
crucial in functionalism |
Social Conflict |
socialization maintains inequality |
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creates dominant culture to influence social consciousness |
Interactionism |
behavior as learned |
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self is a social construct, concepts & abstract ideas exist because agreed on it |
Looking Glass Theory |
by Charles Horton Cooley |
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self is defined thru judgement of others |
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"the mind is social and society is a mental construct" |
I and Me Theory |
by Mead |
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self is divided into 2: i and me |
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i = normal, unique |
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me = internalized demands of society & our awareness of it |
3 Stages of Socialization |
1) Imitative Stage |
mimics behavior of sig other |
2) Play Stage |
learns expectations through playing, role-taking |
3) Game Stages |
relate to people and groups outside the family |
Kapwa Theory |
by Virgilio Enriquez |
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treat both hindi ibang tao and ibang tao equally |
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in the simplest sense, you and me are equal |
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shared identity, shared inner self |
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filipino values to be considered when dealing with ibang tao |
Social Status & Roles |
social status: rank of ind. based on property, prestige, and powerial status |
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social roles: part our society expects us to play in a given status |
Deviance and Conformity
Deviance |
behavior perceived as violating a widely known and shared moral value |
Conformity |
following acceptable patterns of behavior |
Theories of Deviance |
1) Labelling Theory |
society labels people/their actions as deviant |
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society decides it |
2) Social Learning Theory |
deviant behavior bcs they regularly associate with people who do |
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"tell me who your friends are, I will tell you who you are" |
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peer pressure |
3) Strain Theory |
certain goals but limited resources |
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4 Responses: |
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(i) Innovation |
using new/illicit means, ex pirated sites |
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(ii) Ritualism |
can't achieve dream + reject goal. But, go through same motions when they tried to achieve them |
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bureaucratic rule: adhere to rules > goal |
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political ritualism: acknowledge dysfunctions but still participate in process |
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(iii) Retreatism |
escape system entirely |
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(iv) result of frustrated generated by limited opportunities to achieve desired goals |
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