This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Minimal Pair Test
A minimal pair is a pair of objects/things that differ in only one way
I.E : tomato soup / vegetable soup
The Minimal pair test can be used to compare two objects, or to test if an object belongs within a certain category
for example, the minimal pair test can be used to determine if a sausage is a sandwich.
The minimal pair is: sausage / sausage sandwich.
Most people visualise the sausage as a normal sausage, but visualise a sausage sandwich as something different.
From this we can infer that sausages do not fall into the sandwich category |
Prototypes
A prototype is a quintessential example of a category.
E.G
a carrot is a prototype vegetable.
a parrot is a prototype bird
Some items within a category display asymmetrical similarity.
E.G
An emu is like a wagtail, but a wagtail isn't like an emu
From this we can determine that wagtails are more a prototype
for birds than emus are |
Place of Articulation - Vowel
Vowel articulation is determined by the placement of the tongue.
it can be high like "ee"
it can be low like "ah"
it can be front like "ee"
it can be back like "ow"
The chart above is a diagram of the human mouth.
the vowel symbols are placed where the tongue is
when they are said
Manner of Articulation - Vowels
Length |
Vowels can be extended or longer than normal to create a 'new' sound |
Portrusion |
Lip rounding |
Diphthongs
A diphthong is a complex vowel sound.
some sounds, like "ay', "ou" and "oi"
are not made up of one simple sound
A diphthong is when two vowel sounds are combined
into one, more complex sound
Depending on the scenario, the transition between
the two sounds may be more or less noticeable |
Four Factors of Articulation
Airstream |
Where the air is going and how it is moving in the mouth |
Glottis |
The action of the vocal folds: open, partially closed, etc |
Place of Articulation |
Where the main constriction of airflow is |
Manner of Articulation |
How is the airflow being constricted |
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Place of Articulation - Consonants
Bilabial |
Two lips |
Labio dental |
Lip + Teeth |
Dental |
Teeth + Tongue |
Alveolar |
Tongue + Ridge behind the teeth |
Postalveolar |
Further back than alveolar ridge |
Retroflex |
Tongue tip + Roof of the mouth |
Palatal |
Tongue body + Roof of the mouth |
Velar |
Tongue body + Soft palate |
Uvular |
Tongue + Uvula |
Pharyngeal |
Tongue + Back of the pharynx |
Glottal |
Glottis / Vocal folds |
Voicing
Some consonants are voiced, this means when we say them
we use our voice rather than just a basic airflow.
S is unvoiced
Z is voiced
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Phonetics
Articulation |
The action of the body to produce sound |
Acoustic |
The property of the sound wave in the air |
Auditory |
Properties perceived by the hearers |
Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech and sound
Garden path sentences
A garden path sentence is a sentence that starts with one type of structure
then changes into another.
When you realise this you have to re-process it as it doesn't make sense
"the old man the boat" |
Mergers
A merger is when two vowel sounds merge into one.
I.E they are perceived as the same sound by speakers
"caught" vs 'cot" |
Types of Linguistic Knowledge
Phonology |
Knowledge of sounds and their patterns : What sounds, and in what contexts those sounds, are used in your native language. |
Morphology |
Knowledge of meaningful parts of words and their organisation : What the individual parts are, their possible combinations and in what order they are used |
Semantics |
Knowledge of form-meaning pairings |
Syntax |
Knowledge of well-formedness according to the pricniples by which words are combined in the languag |
Pragmatic |
Knowledge of the physical and social world : What we guess about what other people know, intend and expect |
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