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Sexual and Asexual Reproduction (Chen, Science 9)
Asexual Reproduction
Cell Cycle |
How eukaryotic cells divide asexually |
Binary Fission |
How prokaryotic cells divide asexually |
Spore Formation |
Parent cell produces spores that grow and develop under favourable conditions (i.e. yeast) |
DNA Replication |
DNA replicates, unwinds with the help of an enzyme, then attaches to a new base |
DNA Location |
Nucleus; in the form of chromatin |
Nucleotide Pattern |
AxT, CxG |
Stages of Cell Cycle |
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages |
Negative mutations/bad conditions can wipe out colonies; offspring can compete for food/space |
Asexual Reproduction Advantages |
Lots of offspring, quickly; Colonies can form quickly and compete with others; No energy to find a mate |
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Advantages |
Genetic variety; ext. means little energy used to find a mate; Intrnl. means protection given to embryo/zygote |
Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages |
Intrnl.= more energy to find a mate; Intrnl.=less offspring; ext.= gametes/embryos/zygotes aren't protected |
Gametes |
Use meiosis to reproduce; have 23 chromosomes; are sex cells |
Morula |
Embryo at the end of week 1; a ball of cells |
Blastula |
embryo at the end of week 2; hollow ball of cells; these cells turn into gastrula later |
Gastrula |
3 layers of cells: ectoderm (skin/nerves), mesoderm (muscle/bones), endoderm (lungs/liver/digestive system lining) |
Differentiation |
Formation of organs and tissues from the cell layers of gastrula |
Meiosis |
How gametes reproduce; makes 4 cells |
Embryo |
The stage of a multi-cellular organism that develops from a zygote |
Embryonic Development |
The early development of an organism |
Homologous Chromosomes |
A pair of matching chromosomes (eye color, skin colour, etc.) |
Fertilization |
When an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell and the haploid genetic information of both male and female gametes combines |
Angiosperms |
Flowering plants that have seeds protected by an ovary or fruit |
Gymnosperms |
A plant with seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit (i.e. conifers) |
Crossing Over |
Chromatids of chromosomes pairs cross over and exchange DNA segments, producing genetic variation (during prophase I) |
Independent Assortment |
Homologous pairs separate independently, creating different combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells (during Metaphase I) |
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Genes
Gene Mutation |
Substitution, deletion, addition; mutagens or viruses can cause them |
Genetic Disorders |
A disease caused by failed separation of chromosomes in Meiosis |
Karyotype |
How geneticists view someone's chromosomes |
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Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis I |
Homologous chromosomes are involved |
Prophase I |
Spindle fibres form, pushing centrioles apart; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over occurs |
Metaphase I |
Spindle fibres guide chromosomes to the equator of the cell; homologous pairs line up on 2 sides of the equator |
Anaphase I |
Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles of the cell |
Telophase I |
2 nuclei/nuclear membrane forms; spindle fibres disappear; one chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell |
Meiosis II |
2 cells separate again, resulting in 4 cells |
Prophase II |
Spindle fibres form; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; There is 1 homologous pair in the cell (2 chromosomes in total) |
Metaphase II |
X-shaped chromosomes form 1 line at the equator of the cell |
Anaphase II |
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of cell; sister chromatids are now considered a chromosome |
Telophase II |
Spindle fibres disappear; nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes |
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