Sociology - Beliefs in Society (A-level 2017) Cheat Sheet by Lolly1025 - Download free from Cheatography - Cheatography.com: Cheat Sheets For Every Occasion

Functionalism
DURKHEIM	sacred (set apart) and profane (ordinary)
	Arunta Tribe
MALINOWSKI	psychological functions - cope with emotional stress
	outcome imp. but uncontrollable and uncertain
	times of crisis
PARSONS	legitimates society's norms and values
	source of meaning
Marxism	religion as ideology
	legitimate suffering
	false consciousness
	spiritual gin
	interest of ruling class
MARX	religion and alienation
	consolation - opiate
Feminism	patriarchal ideologies
examples:	religious organisations, places of worship, sacred texts, religious laws and customs
WOODHEAD	religious feminism -> e.g. hijab

Conservative Force	preserve things as they are
Functionalism	social stability, preventing disintegration
Marxist and Feminism	supports existing social structure
Force for Chnage
WEBER	Calvinist Beliefs - predetermined, salvation panic, asceticism
Social Protest
BRUCE	American Civil Rights Movement -> motivation & legitimation
	New Christian Right -> conservative
Marxism and Change
BLOCH	principle of hope
Liberation Theology	emphasises practical action guided by theory
WORSLEY	Millenarian Movements - Cargo Cults
GRAMSCI	hegemony, organic intellectuals
BILLINGS	coalminers and textile workers

Secularisation in Britain
WILSON	western societies undergoing secularisation
church attendance on sundays	1851: 40%, 2005:6%
BRUCE	by 2030: church of England = small, voluntary organisation
Explanations of Secularisation
WEBER	rationalisation
	reformation=>undermined=>rational scientific outlook
BRUCE	technological worldview
PARSONS	structural differences
	specialised institutions now carry out different functions previously performed by 1
WILSON	social and cultural diversity
	industralisation=> destroys stable local communities
BRUCE	large, loose-knit communities
BERGER	religious diversity
	different versions of truth => undermines plausibility
BRUCE	cultural defence nad transition
Secularisation in the USA
church attendance	1962:45%, 1940:40% (exaggerated?)
from within	form of therapy
	purpose -> from seeking salvation in heaven to personal improvement
practical relativism	accept different beliefs exist

New Forms
DAVIE	believing without belonging
HERVIEU-LEGÉR	spiritual shopping
LYON	postmodern -> globalisation=> movement of religious ideas
	media=> instant access to disembedded ideas-> de-institutionalised religion
	sphere of consumption => pick & mix
self-spirituality	individualism=> spiritual revolution
HEELAS & WOODHEAD	congregational domain (traditional/evangelical) & holistic milieu (new age spirituality)
BRUCE	new age can't fill gap of traditional decline
Religious Market Theory
STARK & BAINBRIDGE	compensators, historical cycle (decline, revival, renewal), competition
Existential Security Theory
NORRIS & INGLEHART	security

Religious Fundamentalism	traditional beliefs and values
characteristics	authoritative sacred text, 'us and them' mentality, aggressive reaction to threat, use of modern technology, use of modern technology, patriarchy, conspiracy theories
GIDDENS	reaction to modernity, which undermines traditional norms, contrasts with cosmopolitanism (embraces modernity, self-improvement, lifestyle = personal choice)
The 'Clash of Civilisations'

Cultural Defence

Religion and Development

Pentecostalism in Latin America

Sociology - Beliefs in Society (A-level 2017) Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by Lolly1025