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SCIENTIFIC LITERACY EXAM 2022 SEMESTER 1
EMPIRICAL STATEMENTS
About the natural world |
Investigated using evidence of our senses |
EG. Taller boys have larger hands |
EG. High-sugar soft drinks contribute to heart conditions |
Something doesn't have to be true to be an Empirical statement as long as theoretically it could be proved of disproved |
Not Empirical if it relates to ethics, maths etc. |
QUANTITATIVE SKILLS
ACCURACY |
Proximity of a measurement to its true value |
PRECISION |
Proximity of several measurements to each other |
UNCERTAINTY |
Try and estimate measured quantity to one decimal place smaller than the lowest graduation on a scale |
EG. On a ruler with cm and mm read to 3.74 |
EG. If balance weighs mass to the nearest gram there is an uncertainty reading of +- 0.5g |
STATISTICS
Mode - highest - lowest score |
Median - Middle score |
Mean - Average |
Standard deviation - SD = √ ∑ (mean – x)2 / n - 1 |
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VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS
VALID |
If the truth of the premise (opening statements) guarantees truth of conclusion |
SOUND |
If argument is valid and premises are true |
EG. All fruit have seeds, some breakfast foods are fruit, therefore, some breakfast foods have seeds = valid and sound |
EG. All fish can talk, some birds are fish, therefore, some birds can talk = Valid but unsound |
EG. All fruit are edible foods, some edible foods are breakfast foods, therefore, some breakfast foods and fruit = Invalid and unsound |
To be a sound argument, it must be a valid one, even if premises are true |
VARIABLES
Factors that affect results |
Independent or experimental variable is changed (on the X axis of a graph |
Controls are kept the same |
Dependent variable is beings measured (on the Y axis of a graph) |
PROBABILITY
Single - number of favourable outcomes/number of equally likely outcomes |
2 or more - Probability of one X probability of the other |
A or B -probability of a X probability of B - probability of A and B |
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Quantitative skills
CONVERSIONS BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS |
Micrometer = 0.001mm |
Millimeter = 0.001m |
Centimeter = 10mm |
Meter = 100cm |
Decimeter = 10cm or 1/10 of a meter |
Kilometer = 1000m |
Megameter = 1000km |
Gigameter = 1000000km |
Kelvin = degrees celcius + 273 |
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
All non-zero digits are significant |
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant |
Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant eg. 0.00234 |
Zeros at the end of a number are significant if there is a decimal in the number eg. 560.00 |
Only round at final step of equation |
Round to least significant decimal place/figure |
Conversion between units = given units X desired/given = desired |
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