Cheatography
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A cheat sheet that covers "Humanistic and Existential Aspects of Personality" in the Personality Theories perspective. Includes humanism, existentialism; Fromm, Rogers, May, Maslow and a brief summary of their perspectives.
Existentialism
Meaning of human existence; the self cannot exists without the world. |
Being in the world; the presence of an individuals with all of their choices and authentic self. |
In that aspect, every human being must have been examined in their world. |
Phenomenological Approach; suggests that subjective realities are important. |
Objectivity is the last item of the list. |
Humanism
Emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the importance of human values.. |
Humans are evaluated as a whole, not just focusing on some specific parts. |
The Third Force; emphasizes creative, spontaneous, active nature of humans. |
1st force=psychoanalysis / 2nd force=behaviorism |
Our existence comes from our relationships with others. |
(1) How the relationship is with the environment (2) How satisfying those relationships are |
I-Thou Dialogue; |
direct and mutual; dialogue |
I-It Monologue; |
utilitarian view of another; monologue |
The potential of human movement; |
people are encouraged to realize their inner potentials |
For realization of the potential, humanism uses; |
group meetings, self-disclosure, introspection |
Eric Fromm
Love; Love is the solution of everything since it is also the thing that modern world made forgotten. |
The reason of why we are alienated, objectified and passed through the pragmatic view is the lack of love. |
Love allow us to overcome our isolation as an individual; but also protects our individual integrity. |
On the other hand, modern world encourages existential alienation (1950-2000). |
Dialectic Humanism; reconciles the biological/driven side of human beings and the pressure of the societal structure. |
Describes the structure that humans are in; people can transcend these forces through free-will. |
Carl Rogers
Focuses on responsibility; people must strive to take responsibility for themselves. |
Becoming one's self |
"Same seeds show different developments under different conditions." |
Environment is an important factor that is effective on the development. |
People have an inherent tendency towards growth and maturation. |
According to Rogers, there are two selves that present; as The self that actualizing itself right now" and the ideal self that individual wants to become. |
It becomes problematic when the difference grows between those selves. |
Responsibilities of Therapist (Rogerian Therapy)
Therapist is supportive and non-directive |
a key block to build positive relationships |
Therapist is client oriented |
interested in the person that client wants to become |
Therapist provides unconditional positive regard to the client |
Therapist provides empathetic understanding to client's internal frame of reference |
Congruence between therapist and client is based on; |
(1) accurate self perception & (2) accurate communication |
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Rollo May
Anxiety is triggered by a threat to the core values of existence. |
When people feel anxious, they search for meaning in their lives. |
Victor Frankl
Emphasizes on the importance of personal choice |
Existential-humanistic approaches and support groups are used. |
Logotherapy |
Importance of choosing to find meaning in life. |
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs |
Self-Actualization; the innate process that person realize his/her inner potnetial. |
Spiritually fulfilled, comfortable with themselves, loving, ethical, creative, productive |
Peak Experiences; powerful experiences that person transcends the self, feel completely self-fulfilled |
"be at one with the world" |
Measuring Self-Actualization
Interviews |
Observations |
Projective Studies |
Biographical Studies |
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI); a self-report questionnaire that captures some aspects of a healthy personality |
Analogy of the Approach
Humans are free and sentient beings that seek spiritual fulfillment |
Advantages of the Approach
Emphasizes courageous struggle for self-fulfillment |
Appreciates the spiritual nature of a person |
Based on healthy, well-adjusted individuals |
Considers each individual's experience is unique |
Limits of the Approach
May avoid quantification and scientific method |
Sometimes insufficiently concerned with reason |
Theories are sometimes ambiguous or inconsistent |
View of Free-Will
Free-will is essential to being human |
Common Assessment Techniques
Interview |
Art |
Self-Exploration |
Literature |
Biographical analysis of creativity and special achievement |
Self-report tests |
Observation |
Implications for Therapy
Encourages self-knowledge through experiences |
including also the spiritual ones (experiences) |
Rogers' client centered therapy offers a genuine empathetic therapist providing unconditional positive regard. |
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