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AP Biology: Unit 1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

The chemistry of life

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Water Molecule

- 1:2 ratio (oxygen to hydrogen)
- oxygen end (-) & hydrogen end (+)

Water Struct­ure­/Hy­drogen Bonding

cohesion:
2 of the SAME molecules hydrogen bonding
adhesion:
2 DIFFERENT molecules hydrogen bonding
surface tension...
strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules
capillary action...
results from cohesion and adhesion (ex. water up roots)
high solvency due to....
adhesive property

Elements of Life

macrom­olecule
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
carboh­ydrate~
✔
protein~
✔
✔
nucleic acid
✔
✔
✔
lipid
✔
  
✔*
* only in phosph­olipids

Macrom­olecule chart

Formin­g/B­reaking Down Macrom­ole­cules

Functional Groups

*Carbonyl ketone~ C=O within skeleton
*Carbonyl aldehyde~ C=O & C-H at the end of skeleton
  

Intro to Macrom­ole­cules

monomer
➔
polymer
(formed by covalent bonds)

 
monomer
  
polymer
carboh­ydrate
monosa­cch­aride
disacc­haride
polysa­cch­aride
protein
amino acid
dipeptide
polype­ptide
nucleic acid
nucleotide
dinucl­eotide
polynu­cle­otide
lipid
fatty acid
  
trigly­ceride

Carboh­ydrate Structure

alpha glucose
-OH on bottom (right)
beta glucose
-OH on top (right)
 
purpose
where
bond(s)
amylose
energy storage (starch)
plants
alpha 1-4
amylop­ectin
energy storage (starch)
plants
alpha 1-4; alpha 1-6 (branched)
glycogen
energy storage (starch)
animals
alpha 1-4; alpha 1-6 (branched)
chitin
structural support
animals (fungi)
beta 1-4; H bonds
cellulose
structural support
plants
beta 1-4; H bonds
# of carbons
group name
formula
examples
3
triose
C
3
H
6
O
3
glycer­ald­ehyde
5
pentose
C
5
H
10
O
5
ribose; ribulose
6
hexose
C
6
H
12
O
6
glucose; fructose; galactose

Protein Structure

*tertiary and quaternary interact through "­R" groups (disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrop­hobic intera­ctions, & ionic bonding)
- change in struct­ure­/shape = change in function
- 8 functions:
Enzymes; Defense; Storage; Transport; Hormones; Structure; Receptor; Contra­ctile
(Every Dragon Steals Treasures Hiding Secretively 'Round Castles)

Nucleic Acid Structure

3' hydroxyl end
5' phosphate end
nucleotide monomers connected by...
covalent bond
adenine & guanine
purines (2 rings)
cytosine & thymine
pyrimi­dines (1 ring)
A - T
held together by 2 hydrogen bonds
G - C
held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA~
deoxyr­ibose, thymine, double­-st­randed (antip­ara­llel)
RNA~
ribose, uracil, single­-st­randed

Lipid Structure

function:
energy storage and structural support
saturated fatty acid
solid at room temp., single bonds, straight
unsatu­rated fatty acid
liquid at room temp., 1+ double bond, bent
trigly­ceride~
glycerol with 3 fatty acids
phosph­olipid~
glycerol with 2 fatty acids & phosphate group
examples)
fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

Phosph­olipid

Isomers

- isomer: compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures/prope­rties
- structural isomers: differ in the covalent arrang­ements of their atoms
- cis-trans isomers: covalent bonds to the same atoms, but differ in their spacial arrang­ements
(cis = atom on same side trans = atom on different sides)
- enanti­omers: mirror images of each other and differ in shape