External Features
Anterior (Cranial) |
toward the head |
Posterior (Caudal) |
toward the tail |
Dorsal (Superior) |
toward the backbone |
Ventral (Inferior) |
toward the belly |
Lateral |
toward the side |
Medial |
toward the midline |
Locomotion
Quadruped |
walks on four legs |
Biped |
walks on two legs |
Identify Mammals
Umbilical Cord |
provides food and oxegen from mother to the fetus and the movement of wastes from the fetus to the mother. |
Mammary Papilla |
nipples |
Mammary Glands |
develops beneath the mammary papilla in the female. |
Three external physical characteristics that indicate the pig is a mammal: |
Umbilical Cord, Hair, Mammary Glands |
Thoracic Cavity |
Above the diaphragm, breathing and heart |
Abdominal Cavity |
Below the diaphragm, digestion |
Sense Features
Nares |
nostrils used for breathing and smelling |
Pinnae |
External ears. |
Vibrissae |
Whiskers, act as sealers sensitive to things close |
Nictitating Membrane |
Thrid lid-like structure in the corner of the eye. Protects eye from debris. (Humans do NOT have one) |
Male or Female
Urogenital opening |
allows reproductive and excretory material (like urine) out of the body. |
Male urogenital opening |
posterior to the umbilical cord on the ventral surface. |
Female urogenital opening |
covered by a flap of tissue: genital papilla ventral to the anus. |
Compare and Contrast pigs to humans.
Similarities |
Mammary papilla, hair, umbilical cord |
Differences |
Skeleton, thick hair, nictitating membrane |
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Macromolecules
Carbohydrates |
mouth, small intestine |
Proteins |
stomach, duodenum |
Lipids |
small instestine |
Nucleic Acids |
small instestine |
Chemical vs Mechanical
Mechanical |
breaks big food into small food |
Chemical |
breaks down starch into simple sugar, destroys food and harvests nutrients |
To the Stomach
Perstalsis |
Contractions of smooth muscle that aid in swallowing (helps move food through esophagus) |
Chyme |
Partially digested semi liquid food bolus that passes from the stomach to the small intestine |
Esophagus |
Food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach |
Pepsin |
enzyme released by the stomach that digest protiens |
Lipase |
enzyme released by the pancreas that digests fat |
Amylase |
enzyme released by salivary glands in the mouth and by the small intestine that digests straches into simpler carbohydrates |
Peptidase and Trypsin |
enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine |
Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase |
enzymes the break down sugars into simpler molecules |
Pancreas
Pancreas |
creates insilin and enzymes to break down molecules (sugars) |
Alkaline |
neutralize the acid content of the chyme |
Lipase |
digests fat, protien, and sugars |
Insulin |
a hormone that allows sugars to enter the cells from the blood |
Small Intestine
Villi |
Tiny projections tha cover the lining of the folds of the small intestine |
The folds, villi and microvilli projections increase the surface area of the intestine, greatly increasing the rate of absorbtion of nutrients. |
Duodenum |
diffuse into the circulatory system and are carried to the liver. (small piece from the stomach to the bigger part) |
Absorbs: sugar, amino acids, calcium, and iron |
Jejunum |
Diffuse circulatory system to be distributed throughout the body (first large section of the small intestine) |
Absorbs: glucose, amino acids, vietamin C & B, and water |
Ileum |
Empty into lymph and blood vessels and are distributed to the cells (End section of small intesine) |
Absorbs: fat-saluable vitamins, vitamin B, fatty acids, cholesterol, and some water |
Bile |
an emulsifier which means it breaks down large molecules of lipidsinto smaller ones. (stored in gull bladder, and made in small intestine) |
Aborbtion |
help the circulatory and lymphatic systems |
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Contrast pigs to humans.
Pigs |
7 lung lobes (4 on right side, 3 on left), Colon is not spiral, does not use cecum? |
Humans |
5 lung lobes (3 on right, 2 on left), spiral large intestine (square shape) |
Organs
Stomach |
makes pepsin, contains hydrochlic to digest protiens |
Liver |
builds more complex molecules, that are need by cells (glycogen) |
Large Intestine (called spiral colon in the pig) |
Absorb water, bile, salts, and electrolytes |
Feces in stoed in the rectom and is eliminated through the anus |
Salivary Glands |
makes saliva to moisten food and begin the digestive system |
Teeth |
break down food to make it smaller |
Hard and soft Palate |
Seperate mouth from nose cavities |
Esophagus |
passes food down to stomach |
Glottis |
opening to larynx |
Epiglottis |
Block food from going into lungs |
Tongue |
moves food in mouth help push food down esophagus |
Cecums (Appendix) |
a tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine |
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