AP Bio Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Cheat Sheet by julescrisfulla

~ paracrine: on site release and response of signal molecules

~ cell to cell joining

~ endocrine: pituitary gland

~ plants: ethylene CH2 = CH2

Juxtac­rine: a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other

Endocrine: secrete specific hormones into the bloods­tream

2) Ligand attaches to a receptor

4) Tyrosine Kinase is phosph­ory­lated with a (P) from ATP

specif­icity

termin­ation

apoptosis occurs when specific proteins that accelerate apoptosis override the proteins that "put the brakes­" on apoptosis

~ metamo­rphosis

~ menstr­uation

~ eliminates T cells that cause autoimmune

~ infected with virus

~ cancer cells

~ release a signal to the hypoth­alamus

~ increase in metabolism

redness, swelling, heat, pain

~ vasodi­lation occurs

~ attracts phagocytes

functions: reprod­uction, growth, repair

1) G1: first gap / growth

3) G2: second gap / prepar­ation of cell contents for division

4) the m phase: cell division

~ metaphase

~ telophase

~ cell size

~ growth factors

cyclins: regulatory proteins (must be present)

MPF: mitosis promoting factors in G2

APC-An­aphase promoting complex

carcin­ogenic chemicals

viruses

p53 genes

mutations that knock out key genes

sarcoma: arises from body's supporting structures

leukemia: arises from red marrow in bone, spleen

active when conditions are approp­riate for growth

oncogenes promote cancer develo­pment

~ a cell detects a signaling molecule

~ a series of chemical reactions that creates a response

~ the signal triggers a cell response

2) Activates the G-protein

4) G-protein interacts with another protein in the cell membrane

2) ligand attaches to a receptor

4) ions pass through

ex: testos­terone enters directly into the cell

apoptosis can be triggered by external or internal factors

~ an extrac­ellular death-­sig­naling ligand

~ protein misfolding in the ER

negative feedback:

~ ex: thermostat

~ speeds up the original stimulus

~ engulf a pathogen and self-d­estruct

~ grabs pathogens with cytopl­asmic extensions

~ digests pathogen

natural killer cells:

when a cell is infected:

~ NK cells poke the infected cell with enzymes

Prophase: 92 chromo­somes

Metaphase: chromo­somes align in the middle of the cell

Telophase: microt­ubules disappear and cell division begins

kineti­chore fibers:

~ movements

~ attach pole to pole

~ DNA damage

checks for:

~ 92 spindle fibers

~ nutrients

physical factors:

~ anchorage

~ ex: tumor suppressor genes

~ ex: proto-­onc­ogenes

hormone / neurot­ran­smitter

initiates a flight or fight response

secreted from adrenal gland

cyclic AMP /adenyl cyclase / phosph­odi­est­erase

"cell suicid­e"

1st line of defense:

~ mucous membranes (chemical and physical barrier; enzymes and defensins)

~ fever

~ inflam­mation

antigen:

~ virus

~ toxin

some antibodies travel freely

~ contra­ctile ring of actin involved

internal and external controls

~ series of checkp­oints

example: cellular inspection station

~ DNA damage

~ neoplasm of prolif­erating cells (new tissue growing out of control)

~ cells produced are useless

benigns (not moving) versus malignant (moving)

~ malignant is a moving mass of cancerous cells - metastasis

~ p53 protein increases in cells exposed to UV radiation

1) DNA damage

3) p53 bind to DNA (not at damage site)