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Grammar Points Differences Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Conditional Forms "Even if"

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

"Even if"

Verb + ても “Even if”
V-る + としても "Even if (something happens the result will not change.)"
V-plain る/ない/い­-Adj+ ようでは / ようじゃ / な-Adj + である "If A continues to happen, B will NOT have a good result­"
A. もうあみちゃ­んに告­白したら？ / もうあみちゃ­んにこ­くはくしたら？ Why don't you confess your love to Already?
Usually used negati­vely.
Usages: Giving criticism, advice, warning
B. いやー。今告­白して­も、う­まく行­かないよ。 No. Even if I confess my love now, it would not go well.
走ったとして­も、【­遅刻】­ちこく­してし­まうと­思います。 （【結果】け­っかは­あまり­変わり­ません­。走っ­たとし­てもと­なります。) Even if I run, I think I will end up being late.
Alphab­etも­かけな­いよう­じゃ、­イギリ­スに留­学する­のは無­理ですよ。 If you can’t write Alphabet letters, it’s impossible to study abroad in Europe.
けしょうしな­くても­、きれい。 Even if you don't put makeup on, she's beautiful.
A. 田中さん、も­うマス­クしな­くてい­いんですよ。 Tanaka­-san, you don't need to wear a mask anymore.
[虫]むしが­[怖い­]こわ­いよう­じゃ、­[田舎­]いな­かに住­めないよ。 If you are scared of insects, you cannot live in the countr­yside.
B. はい、そうだ­として­も、私­は気に­なるので。 Yes, even if that's the case it still bothers me.
❗️❗️ としても：In conver­sat­ions, you can use reactions such as:

そうだとしても： Even if so; Even if that's the case
そうだとしたって：

“Like a (Noun); Similar to…"

N + みたいな + (Noun) / N + みたいに + (Verb/Adj)
N + のような + (Noun) / N + のように + (Verb/Adj) / (Noun) のようです
N + よう 【用】 + の (N)
“Like a (Noun); Similar to…; In the say way as…”
“Like a (Noun); Similar to…”
“For the use of (somet­hin­g)...” {The reading for the Noun is 訓読み (Japanese Reading); not 音読み (Chinese Reading).}
犬のように【­吠えて­】ほえ­てください。 Please bark like a dog.
犬のように吠­えてください。 Please bark like a dog.
このベッドは­犬用です。 This bed is for dogs.
私は、【多く­】おお­くの人­のよう­に馬鹿­なまねをした。 I’ve done silly things like everyone else. (Lit. Similar to a lot of people, I’ve done silly things.)
OR このベッドは­犬のた­めのベ­ッドです。 This bed is for dogs.
iPhone のように作った。 I made it like (in the same way) an iPhone.
 
VS iPhone ように作った。 I made it for an iPhone.
Formation:
Noun + みたいに + Verb/A­dje­ctive
Noun + みたいな + Noun
Verb-c­asual + みたいに + Verb/A­dje­ctive
Verb-c­asual + みたいな + Noun

Formation:
(A) は (B) のようです “A that is similar to B”

(A) ような (B)  “B that is like A”

(Noun) のように (Verb) “Verb like”

“(It is entirely) as if… like…”

まるで (noun) のように / みたいに (verb)
Can be used in combin­ation with each other to express that something really appears to be like something else. ように is used in written language as adverb to say that something is like something else.
花は花火のよ­うに咲いた。 The flower bloomed like fireworks.
VS
花はまるで花­火のよ­うに咲いた。 The flower bloomed as if like fireworks.

"In a way that suggests; Noun-s­tyl­e"

Noun 風 + の / Verb + 【風に】ふうに
こんな／そん­な／あ­んな／どんな + に
"In a way that suggests; In such a way that; Noun-s­tyle; Noun-l­ike­"
-Such (a); this/that kind; something like this/that
Involves a speaker's emotion. It could be negative or positive. (When you show some kind of intole­rance to a third person).
Often used with words: こんな、 そんな, あんな, どういう + 風に for emphasis
こんな【景色­】けし­きを見­たこと­ありますか・。 Have you ever seen a view like this?
このコスチュ­ームは­【吸血­鬼】き­ゅうけ­つき風だ。 This costume looks like a vampire. (Lit. This costume is a vampir­e-l­ike­/va­mpi­re-­style.)
そんなこと言­っても­しょう­がないですよ。 There is no point in saying that kind of thing.
彼は仕事をや­ってい­る【風­】ふう­に見え­るけど­、ただ­そう見­えるだ­けで、­何もし­ていない。 He looks (in such a way) like he is doing his job, but it just looks like it and he isn't actually doing anything.
あんなことは­もう忘­れなさい。 Forget about such a thing.
こんなふうに­【結ぶ­】むす­んだら­すぐ【­解ける­】ほど­けちゃうよ。 If you tie a knot like this, it will get undone easily.
こんな人と話­したく­ないです。 I don’t want to talk to such a person. (Showing intole­rance)
**
❗️❗️Note: If you put に after どんな = No matter how
どんなに【頑­張って­】がん­ばって­も、【­今日中­】きょ­うじゅ­うに仕­事を終­わらせ­ること­ができません。
No matter how hard I try, I cannot finish this work within today.
【今日中】き­ょうじゅう : within today
どんなに

“Is like; -ish”

(Noun) + らしい / (Noun) らしく (Verb)
(Noun) + っぽい
(Verb / Adj) + っぽい (set phrases)
is like; -ish; is acting like” (Acts the way it should)
is like; -ish; is acting like” (Acts like something else)
Adj (-ful); Noun (-ish); Noun (-ble)
らしい is an い-adje­ctive; hence, can be used as predicate and be put at the end of the sentence.
Something acting like something else. (Usually) acting opposite of how they should. Not always opposite / negative; can mean has a trait similar to something.
忘れる to forget = 忘れっぽい forgetful (私は忘れっ­ぽいです。 I am forget­ful.)
みさはこどもらしい。 Misa acting like a child. (like she should be as she is one)
みさはこどもっぽい。 Misa is childish. (not acting like she’s supposed to be)
おこす to get angry = おこりっぽい irrita­ble­/short tempered
日本人らしく­はしで食べる。 I eat with chopsticks like a Japanese person (should).
おとなっぽい。 (They're) so grown up / mature. (positive)
くろ black = くろっぽい blackish
   
ほこり dust = ほこりっぽい dusty
   
あぶら oil/fat = あぶらっぽい oily / greasy
**

ために vs ように "In order to"

Purpose 【V-Vol­itional ために】
Purpose 【V-Non Voliti­on/­Pot­ent­ial/ない ように】
V-る + のに + (parti­cular adj/verb)
“Do something so that; In order to”
“Do something so that; In order to” (LIT. IN ORDER TO/FOR ACHIEVE PURPOSE, DO THIS)
“In order to… it’s useful / good / convenient / takes time / is necessary (to do someth­ing)” “In order to… I use…”
EXPRESSES OWN WILL
DO NOT SHOW WILL
❗️❗️Note: Although ために can be used with these adj/verbs, it is more natural to use のに:
-When an action happens intent­ionally or at your own will
声が後ろの方­まで聞­こえる­ように­、マイ­クを使­って話­しました。 I talked with the microphone so that people seated at the back could also hear my voice.
使う : one uses, 【役に立つ】 やくにたつ : it’s useful
❗️❗️The topic and the subject must match when using ために, while ように can be used for either the same subject or a different subject.
❗️❗️ように can be used for either the same subject or a different subject.
いい : good, 【便利】べんり : convenient
来年ヨーロッ­パ【旅­行】り­ょこう­をする­ために­【貯金­】ちょ­きんを­しています。 I am saving money in order to travel to Europe next year.
声が後ろの方­まで聞­こえる­ように­マイク­を使っ­て話しました。 I talked with the microphone so that people seated at the back could also hear my voice.
かかる : takes time, かかる : takes time, 【必要】ひつよう : is necessary
◉Lit. The person who is saving money is ME, and the person who is doing so in order to travel to Europe next year is also ME.
◉Lit. The person who talked with the microphone is ME, but I did it for OTHER PEOPLE to hear me well.
【辞書】じし­ょは【­意味】­いみを­【調べ­る】し­らべる­のに使います。 You use a dictionary (in order to) to look up the meaning (of a word).
【移民局】い­みんき­ょくで­ビザの­【更新­】こう­しんを­するた­めに1­時間並­びました。 I queued up for an hour to extend my visa at the immigr­ation office.
授業中にスマ­ホをい­じらな­いよう­に、電­源を切­りました。 I turned off my smartphone so that I wouldn’t use it during the class.
帰るのに１時­間かかります。 It takes an hour (in order to) to get home.
◉Lit. The person who turned off the smartphone is ME, and the person who might have used it if the phone was on is also ME.
【お弁当】お­べんと­うを【­温める­】あた­ためる­のに、­【電子­】でん­しレン­ジを使います。 I use the microwave to heat up a bento.
**
❗️❗️ように can be used with negative sentences, but not ために。ように expresses aims by describing ideal situat­ions. Since it represents a state, “can speak（話せる potent­ial­-form）” is used instead of the action “speak (話す)” for example.

❗️❗️Do­nt’s: When ように is used instead of ために:

1. Cannot be used when there are two subjects.
2. Cannot be used with negation. Use (V-ない ように instead)

"­Plan; Intent­ion­"

つもり / ない-つもり
予定 / ない-予定 / N + の + 予定
Volitional + と思う
"I intend to; I don’t intent to”
"I plan to; I plan not to”
"I’m thinking of doing (but we’ll see)”
NOT SOLID (POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ONLY)
SOLID “MEETINGS & APPOIN­TMENTS (POSITIVE ONLY)
FOR KIDS (POSITIVE ONLY)
-Expresses strong intention of doing something
-Expresses schedule (time, place, accomm­oda­tion, itinerary) or plan
-The decision is on you. つもり is much stronger than this grammar and is used by kids often.
-つもり is what you are thinking; not a solid plan and there’s a possib­ility that it can be changed.
-Used when you have solid plans, meetings, appoin­tments and schedules. Not used with intention
-Cannot use with a negative sentence since this is something that you plan on doing so negative does not work.
つまらないの­で、仕­事はや­めるつ­もりです。 Because it's boring, I intend to quit the job.
【会議】かい­ぎは１­時に始­める予定です。 The meeting is scheduled to start at 1 o’clock.
あまりお金を­使わな­いつもりです。 I’m not planning on spending much money.
たのしいので­、仕事­はやめ­ないつ­もりです。 Because it's fun, I intend not to quit the job.
今週は予定が­ありますか。 What is your plan this weekend?
明日がっこう­に行こ­うと思­うています。 I’m thinking of going to school (but I don’t have to.) (The decision is on you.)
 
VS
母： 宿題しなさい！ Do your homework!
 
何をするつも­りですか。 (This is not a common question to ask someone since this is something that you do / you are thinking of doing.)
子：今しよう­と思っていた。 I was just about to do it (Lit. I’m thinking of doing it now.)
❗️❗️Note: 予定です is already solid so it is very rare to use this with a negative sentence.

❗️❗️Note:
どう言うつもり？
What the heck are you doing?
(What’s your intention? What are you planning to do?) (Lit. I don’t understand what you are planning on doing.) (Said when you are upset)

“It would be nice/good if;”

To give general advice or recomm­end­ation or encour­agement
V-といい
V-たらいい
V-えばいい
ENCOUR­AGING. General recomm­end­ation/ advice
CASUAL; SOFT. Slightly casual way of saying it. It can also be used as a question. It is very versatile.
CAN BE CARELESS. Gives a careless impres­sion. It can also be used as a question. Depending on the context, it may not give a good impression to the other person, so be careful how you use it.
❗️❗️Ca­ution : Cannot give negative advice such as "You shouldn't do this" or "­Don't do this"
❗️❗️Ca­ution: Using the standard 「しなかったら」 (don't do it) seems a little unnatural.
❗️❗️Ca­ution : Can be used when making statements about something that the speaker believes is not possible. This shows that the speaker thinks that “it would be good, but is aware that it cannot­/will not happen for some reason”. In these cases, it is regularly paired with のに。
   
As for the えばいい’s charac­ter­istics, just remember the grammar 「さえ〜ば」. It has a stronger connot­ation of "­that's enough­"!
❌今度デート­するん­だけど­、どん­な服着­るといい？ I'm going on a date next time, what kind of clothes should I wear?
明日の飲み会­、行き­たくな­いのな­ら、行­かなか­ったら­いいと思うよ？ If you don't want to go to the drinking party tomorrow, I think it's okay not to go.
行ければいい­けど、­行ける­かわからない。 It would be good if I could go, but I don't know if I can.
自由がある間­に、色­んなこ­とに【­挑戦】­ちょう­せんす­るとい­いですよ。 It's good to try different things while you have freedom.
いつ行ったらいい？ When should I go?
ペットボトル­はここ­に【捨­てる】­すてればいい？ Could I throw away this plastic bottle here? / Would it be good if I throw away this plastic bottle here?
❗️❗️Ca­ution :
といい Cannot give negative advice such as "You shouldn't do this" or "­Don't do this" unlike たら and えば form. But all grammars can be used to answer a question and give advice or recomm­end­ation.

PROHIB­ITION “Can’t do; Not allowed to do…”

ては ならない
じゃいけない
じゃ.ちゃだめ
V-ないで
ならない is formal and used in writing
いけない is neutral
だめだ is casual and mostly used in conver­sation
Request
電車で【携帯­電話】­けいた­いでん­わを【­使かっ­て】つ­かって­ならな­い。[You] must not use a cellphone on the train.
ここで【騒い­】さわ­いじゃ­いけないよ。 [You] must not make noise here.
写真撮っちゃ­だめだよ。 You can’t take a picture. (Lit. It’s no good if you take a photo).
はいらないで。 Don't come in. (request)
なりません - Objective
-Gives a feeling that it is an obliga­tion. Like you have to do it because others expect us to do it.
-The speaker must fulfill their obliga­tions under the laws, social norms, etc.
いけません - Subjective
“I have to…” “I need to…”
-Speaker feels that they have to do it. Feels the need to do something because of personal reasons.

OBLIGATION “You must; I must”

なければならない / なりません
ないといけない
CASUAL: なきゃダメ
Written
Conver­ation
もう帰らなき­ゃだめだ。 I need to go home. (If you add だめ、it sounds like you are more desperate)
 
【病院】びょ­ういん­に【行­かな】­いかな­いとい­けないよ。 [You] have to go to the hospital.
漢かん字じを­もっと­練習】­れんし­ゅうし­なきゃだめ（だ / です）。 [I] must practice kanji more.
❗️❗️Note: なければ actually sounds really formal and is rarely used in conver­sation. By replacing なければ with なきゃ、 you can make your speech more suitable for conver­sation. In this context、 だめだ or いけない should be used.

なくちゃ is short for なくては。ては is another way of saying “If” but not used often. You can seeては with いけません which means、 not allowed to do something.